Sustaining the Academic Pipeline: A Professional Development Workshop Series for Academics of Color

Main Article Content

Monic P. Behnken
Tera R. Hurt
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1808-5623
Maya Bartel
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2056-2476
Leslie A. Winters
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2869-8394

Abstract

Land-grant institutions were designed to improve the lives of individuals and communities by removing barriers to education. However, despite years of effort to address the lack of scholars of color at these institutions, disparities have persisted. Many graduate students and faculty of color have reported that the workshops meant to diversify academia at their institutions did not speak to their unique experiences or challenges. Ultimately, this contributed to their decision to be less engaged in their institutions or leave academia. Using components of the Kirkpatrick model of evaluation (Kirkpatrick, 2007), the authors evaluate a professional development workshop series created by an interdisciplinary team of Black women faculty and staff at a historically white, land-grant, research 1 (R1) university in the Midwest. This series was designed to address the unique experiences of scholars of color. Six graduate students and two faculty members evaluated the workshop series through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Participants describe their decision-making processes to come to a historically white institution, their mentoring experiences, and the impact of a lack of diverse peers and feelings of isolation. Implications for evaluation and practice are discussed.

Article Details

Section
Articles
Author Biographies

Tera R. Hurt, Iowa State University

Assistant Provost for Faculty Development

Associate Professor, Department of Human Development and Family Studies

Maya Bartel, Iowa State University

Graduate Student, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University

Leslie A. Winters, Iowa State University

Graduate Student, Department of Human Development and Family Studies

References

Alexander, R., & Moore, S. E. (2008). The benefits, challenges, and strategies of African American faculty teaching at predominantly White institutions. Journal of African American Studies, 12, 4-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-007-9028-z

Alfred, M. V. (2001). Expanding theories of career development: Adding the voices of African American women in the White Academy. Adult Education Quarterly, 51(2), 108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/07417130122087179

Anthym, M., & Tuitt, F. (2019). When the levees break: The cost of vicarious trauma, microaggressions and emotional labor for Black administrators and faculty engaging in race work at traditionally White institutions. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 32(9), 1072-1093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2019.1645907

Arnold, N. W., Crawford, E. R., & Khalifa, M. (2016). Psychological heuristics and faculty of color: Racial battle fatigue and tenure/promotion. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(6), 890-919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2016.0033

Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU; n.d.). Land-Grant University FAQ. https://www.aplu.org/about-us/history-of-aplu/what-is-a-land-grant-university/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2019.05.009

Barnes, L. L. B., Agago, M. O., & Coombs, W. T. (1998). Effects of Job-Related Stress on Faculty Intention to Leave Academia. Research in Higher Education, 39(4), 457–469. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40196331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018741404199

Burden, J. W., Harrison, L., & Hodge, S. R. (2005). Perceptions of African American faculty in kinesiology based programs at predominantly White American institutions of higher education. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 76(2), 224–237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2005.10599283

Carson, T. L., Aguilera, A., Brown, S. D., Peña, J., Butler, A., Dulin, A., Jonassaint, C. R., Riley, I., Vanderbom, K., Molina, K. M., & Cené, C. W. (2019). A seat at the table: Strategic engagement in service activities for early-career faculty from underrepresented groups in the academy. Academic Medicine, 94(8), 1089-1093. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002603

Cyrus, K. D. (2017). Medical education and the minority tax. Journal of Medical Association, 317(18), 1833-1834. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.0196

Damasco, I. T., & Hodges, D. (2012). Tenure and promotion experiences of academic librarians of color. College & Research Libraries, 73(3), 279–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5860/crl-244

Diggs, G.A., Garrison-Wade, D.F., Estrada, D., & Galindo, R. (2009). Smiling faces and colored spaces: The experiences of faculty of color pursuing tenure in the academy. Urban Review, 41, 312–333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-008-0113-y

Durodoye Jr., R., Gumpertz, M., Wilson, A., Griffith, E., & Ahmad, S. (2019). Tenure and promotion outcomes at four large land grant universities: Examining the role of gender, race, and academic discipline. Research in Higher Education, 61, 628-651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-019-09573-9

Espinosa, L. L., Turk, J. M., Taylor, M., & Chessman, H. M. (2019). Race and ethnicity in higher education: A status report. American Council on Education. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/89187/RaceEthnicityHighEducation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Fenelon, J. (2003). Race, research, and tenure: Institutional credibility and the incorporation of African, Latino, and American Indian faculty. Journal of Black Studies, 34(1), 87–100. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934703253661

Fries-Britt, S., & Snider, J. (2015). Mentoring outside the line: The importance of authenticity, transparency, and vulnerability in effective mentoring relationships. New Directions for Higher Education, 2015, 3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20137

Fries-Britt, S., & Turner Kelly, B. (2005). Retaining each other: Narratives of two African American women in the academy. The Urban Review, 37(3), 221–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-005-0006-2

Gewin, V. (2020). The time tax put on scientists of color. Nature, 583, 479-481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01920-6

Grant, C. M. (2012). Advancing our legacy: A Black feminist perspective on the significance of mentoring for African-American women in educational leadership. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(1), 101-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2011.647719

Guillaume, R., & Apodaca, E. (2020). Early career faculty of color and promotion and tenure: The intersection of advancement in the academy and cultural taxation. Race Ethnicity and Education, 1-18. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2020.1718084

Hassouneh, D., Lutz, K. F., Beckett, A. K., Junkins Jr., E. P. & Horton, L. L. (2014). The experiences of underrepresented minority faculty in schools of medicine. Medical Education Online 19(1), 1-14. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.24768

Haynes, C., Taylor, L., Mobley, S. D., & Haywood, J. (2020). Existing and resisting: The pedagogical realities of Black, critical men and women faculty. The Journal of Higher Education, 91(5), 698-721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2020.1731263

Joseph, T. D., & Hirshfield, L. E. (2011). ‘Why don't you get somebody new to do it?’ Race and cultural taxation in the academy. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(1), 121-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.496489

Kennelly, I., Misra, J., & Karides, M. (1999). The historical context of gender, race, & class in the academic labor market. Race, Gender & Class, 6(3), 125–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1389628

Kerka, S. (2003). Career development of diverse populations. ERIC Digest. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Career and Vocational Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED482536)

Kirkpatrick, D. (2007). The four levels of evaluation: Measurement and evaluation (1st edition). American Society for Training & Development.

Kirkpatrick, D., & Kirkpatrick, J. (2006). Evaluating training programs: The four levels. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-2140(99)80206-9

Kopansky-Giles, D., Peranson, J., Ghavam-Rassoul, A., & Slater, M. (2017). Teaching teams to teach: Program evaluation results from an interprofessional faculty development program in academic family medicine. International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC), 17, 1–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.3646

Laden, B. V., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2000). Job satisfaction among faculty of color in academe: Individual survivors or institutional transformers? New Directions for Institutional Research, 2000(105), 57-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/IR.10505

McGowan, J. M. (2000). African-American faculty classroom teaching experiences in predominantly White colleges and universities. Multicultural Education, 8(2), 19-22.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). SAGE.

Moreira, R. G., Butler-Purry, K., Carter-Sowell, A., Walton, S., Juranek, I. V., Challoo, L., Regisford, G., Coffin, R., & Spaulding A. (2019). Innovative professional development and community building activity program improves STEM URM graduate student experiences. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(34), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-019-0188-x

Myers, L. (2002). A broken silence: Voices of African American women in the academy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.

National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES). (n.d.). Race/ethnicity of college faculty. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=61

Okello, W. K., Quaye, S. J., Allen, C., Carter, K. D., & Karikari, S. N. (2020). "We wear the mask": Self-definition as an approach to healing from racial battle fatigue. Journal of College Student Development, 61(4), 422-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0049

Padilla, A. M. (1994). Ethnic minority scholars, research, and mentoring: Current and future issues. Educational Researcher, 23(4), 24-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1176259

Patton, L. D. (2009). My sister's keeper: A qualitative examination of mentoring experiences among African American women in graduate and professional schools. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(5), 510-537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2009.11779030

Pollak, K. I., & Niemann, Y. F. (1998). Black and White tokens in academia: A difference of chronic versus acute distinctiveness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 954-972. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01662.x

Praslova, L. (2010). Adaptation of Kirkpatrick’s four level model of training criteria to assessment of learning outcomes and program evaluation in higher education. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 22, 215-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-010-9098-7

Quaye, S. J., Karikari, S. N., Carter, K. D., Okello, W. K., & Allen, C. (2020). "Why can't I just chill?": The visceral nature of racial battle fatigue. Journal of College Student Development, 61(5), 609-623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0058

Reddick, R. J., Taylor, B. J., Nagbe, M., & Taylor, Z. W. (2021). Professor beware: Liberating faculty voices of color working in predominantly White institutions and geographic settings. Education and Urban Society, 53(5), 536–560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124520933349

Rodríguez, J. E., Campbell, K. M., & Pololi, L. H. (2015). Addressing disparities in academic medicine: What of the minority tax? BMC Medical Education, 15(6), 1-5. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0290-9

Salinas, C., Riley, P., Camacho, L., & Floyd, D. L. (2020). Mentoring Experiences and Perceptions of Latino Male Faculty in Higher Education. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(1), 117–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986319900026

Salinas, C., & Rodríguez, C. (2023). Tocayo epistemology for Latino males in education. Journal of Latinos and Education, 22(1), 130-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2020.1714626

Sembiante, S. F., Salinas, C., Ramírez, J. A., Vásquez-Colina, M. D., & Silva, Y. (2020). Different when I opened my mouth: Experiences, reflections, and perspectives of faculty members with foreign English accents in higher education. Meridians, 19(2), 295–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8308398

Shavers, M. C., & Moore, J. L. (2019). The perpetual outsider: Voices of Black women pursuing doctoral degrees at predominantly White institutions. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 47, 210-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12154

Stanley, C. A. (2006). Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominantly White colleges and universities. American Educational Research Journal, 43(4), 701-736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312043004701

Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 19(6), 349-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042

Torrens, O. D., Salinas, C., & Floyd, D. L. (2017). Examining the value of mentorship and men of color staff members of a community college. Mentorship & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 25(5), 509-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2017.1415830

Walsh, W. B., Bingham, R. P., Brown, M. T., Ward, C. M., & Osipow, S. H. (2000). Career counseling for African Americans. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410601582

West, N. M. (2017). The African American Women’s Summit: A student affairs professional development program. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 54(3), 329-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2016.1202118

Wilson, R. (2002, November 8). A kinder, less ambitious professoriate. Chronicle of Higher Education, 49(11), A10. https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-kinder-less-ambitious-professoriate/

Wright-Mair, R. (2020). Longing to belong: Mentoring relationships as a pathway to fostering a sense of belonging for racially minoritized faculty at predominantly White institutions. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE), 6(2), 2–31. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48644535

Wright-Mair, R., & Pulido, G. (2021). We deserve more than this: Spirit murdering and resurrection in the academy. Educational Foundations, 34(1), 110–131.