Archiving the Movement: Generating Solidarity Among Black Millennials in Virtual Spaces

Main Article Content

Stephanie Jones
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0270-7559

Abstract

In this paper, I analyze the impact of the discourse #BlackLivesMatter (#BLM) has on how communities frame policing practices within protests. I find that Millennials created an archive of distinct moments in virtual space through social media as a platform for performing their discourse. I examined YouTube videos of protesting the police after incidents of police brutality in three cases. First, the murder of Oscar Grant in Oakland, California, which was before the #BLM movement emerged. Second was the choking of Eric Garner in Staten Island, New York. Third is the shooting of teenager Michael Brown in St. Louis, Missouri. By expanding the collective identity, #BLM changed the discourse about police brutality from a problem within local communities to a national social issue. The #BLM movement shows that communities no longer have to struggle alone but that they can and must unite against oppressive policing. Further understanding how social media has been used as a social movement tool can help scholars see how activists use virtual spaces to perform a discourse in future movements.

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2020). What 100 Years of History Tells Us About Racism in Policing. Retrieved from: https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/what-100-years-of-history-tells-us-about-racism-in-policing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789814951944-002

Ames, M. & McDuffie, K. (2023). Hashtag Activism Interrogated and Embodied: Case Studies on Social Justice Movements. Utah State University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7330/9781646423187

Auxier, B. (2020). Social media continue to be important political outlets for Black Americans. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/12/11/social-media-continue-to-be-important-political-outlets-for-black-americans/ DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/er48b

Bestvater, S., Gelles-Watnick, R., Odabas, M., Anderson, M., & Smith, A. (2023a) #BlackLivesMatter Turns 10: Social Media, Online Activism and 10 years of #BlackLivesMatter. Pew research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/06/29/blacklivesmatter-turns-10/

Bestvater, S., Gelles-Watnick, R., Odabas, M., Anderson, M., & Smith, A. (2023b) Americans’ views of and experiences with activism on social media. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/06/29/americans-views-of-and-experiences-with-activism-on-social-media/

Bloom, J., & Martin, W. E. (2012). Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. University of California Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520966451

Bonilla, Y., & Rosa, J. (2015). #Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 4–17. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112

Booten, K. (2019). Hashtag rhetoric: #AllLivesMatter and the production of post-racial affect. In A. De Kosnik & K. P. Feldman (Eds.), #identity: Hashtagging Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Nation. University of Michigan Press. 183–202. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9697041

Briscoe, Chaz. (2020) The White Response to Black Lives Matter and Mike Brown. National Review of Black Politics 1(2), 311-323. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2020.1.2.311

Brown, M., Ray, R., Summers, E., & Fraistat, N. (2017). # SayHerName: A case study of intersectional social media activism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1831-1846. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334934

Clark, M. D. (2014). To tweet our own cause: A mixed-methods study of the online phenomenon “Black Twitter.” PhD Diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. uuid:1318a434-c0c4-49d2-8db4-77c6a2cbb8b1.

Dale, K., Raney, A.A., Janicke, S.H. Sanders, M.S., & Oliver, M.B. (2017). YouTube for good: A content analysis and examination of elicitors for self-transcendent media. Journal of Communication 67(6), 897-919. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12333

Dimock, M. (2019). defining generations: where Millennials End and Generations Z begins. Pew Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/

Duggan, M. (2013). Photo and video sharing grow online. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/10/28/photo-and-video-sharing-grow-online/

Freelon, D., Mcilwain, C. D., & Clark, M. D. (2016). Beyond the hashtag:#Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2747066

Florini, S. (2013). “Tweets, tweeps, and signifyin’: Communication and cultural performance on ‘Black Twitter.’” Television and Media 15(3),. 223-237. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476413480247

Hall, S. (2019). The West and the rest: Discourse and power [1992]. In D. Morley (Ed.), Essential Essays, Volume 2: Identity and Diaspora (pp. 141–184). Duke University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478002710-009

Harris, F. L. (2017). The necessity of digital publishing in exploring the black experience. Fire!!!, 3(2), 66–79. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/fire.3.2.0066

Hurst, K. (2022). U.S. teens are more likely than adults to support the black lives matter movement. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/06/15/u-s-teens-are-more-likely-than-adults-to-support-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e723702007-003

Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Welles, B. F. (2020). #HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. The MIT Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10858.001.0001

McNair, K. (2019). Beyond Hashtags: Black Twitter and building solidarity across borders. In #identity: Hashtagging Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Nation by Feldman & De Kosnik, Eds. University of Michigan Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9697041

Milkman, R. (2017). A new political generation: Millennials and the post-2008 wave of protest. American Sociological

Association, 82(1), 1-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122416681031

Levi-Strauss, C. (1966). The Savage Mind. University of Chicago Press

Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications.

Locket, A.L. (2021). What is Black Twitter? A Rhetorical Criticism of Race, Dis/information, and Social Media. Retrieved from: https://wac.colostate.edu/docs/books/race/chapter5.pdf

Paek, H., Kim, K., & Hove, T. (2010). Content analysis of antismoking videos on YouTube: Message sensation value, message appeals, and their relationships with viewer responses. Health Education Research 2(6), 1085-1099. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyq063

Perez, S. (2021). YouTube launches hashtag landing pages to all users. Techcrunch.com. Retrieved from: https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/21/youtube-launches-hashtag-landing-pages-to-all-users/

Pryor, R. (2005). Evolution/Revolution: The Early Years (1966-1974). Rhino.

Roach, J. R. (1996). Cities of the Dead: Cirm-Atlantis Performance. Columbia University Press.

Schroeder, R. (2018). Social Theory after the Internet: Media, Technology, and Globalization. UCL Press.

Southern, M. G. (2021). YouTube launches new hashtag search results pages. Search Engine Journal. Retrieved from: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/youtube-launches-new-hashtag-search-results-pages/392309/#close