Iraq, 9/11, and the Mediated Presidency of George W. Bush
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2008.29.0.331-350Abstract
George W. Bush’s presidency has been marked by aggressive media management efforts that have generated mixed success. This article examines how Bush and his White House media team sought to manage the media largely by framing the president primarily as a wartime commander-in-chief. This article discusses the administration’s media strategies designed to secure more positive news coverage and employs a content analysis of network news coverage of Bush during key periods of his presidency to examine their effectiveness. The findings demonstrate that the White House enjoyed relatively positive news coverage in the months after September 11, 2001 and during the combat phase of the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. At many other times during his presidency, though, the Bush tendency to over-promise led to highly critical news coverage. As the distance from 9/11 increased, the tone of coverage turned increasingly negative.References
Baker, Nancy V. 2002. The Impact of Anti-Terrorism Policies on Separation of Powers: Assessing John Ashcroft's Role. Presidential Studies Quarterly 32(4):765-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0360491802238708 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0360-4918.2002.00247.x
Baker, Peter. 2007. General Is Front Man for Bush's Iraq Plan. Washington Post, February 7.
Balz, Dan, and Jon Cohen. 2006. Independent Voters Favor Democrats by 2 to 1 in Poll. Washington Post, October 24.
Berman, William C. 2001. From the Center to the Edge: The Politics and Policies of the Clinton Presidency. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Bonner, Raymond, and Jane Perlez. 2007. British Report Criticizes U.S. Treatment of Terror Suspects. New York Times, July 28.
Broder, John M. 2006. Democrats Take Senate: Concession in Virginia Completes Midterm Sweep. New York Times, November 10.
Brody, Richard A. 1991. Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Burns, James MacGregor, and Susan Dunn. 2001. The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Burns, John. F, Sabrina Tavernise, and Marc Santora. 2007. U.S. and Iraqis Are Wrangling over War Plans. New York Times, January 15.
Ceaser, James, and Andrew Busch. 2005. Red over Blue. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Chandrasekaran, Rajiv. 2006. Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone. New York: Knopf.
Cook, Corey. 2002. The Contemporary Presidency: The Permanence of the 'Permanent Campaign': George W. Bush's Public Presidency. Presidential Studies Quarterly 32(4):753-764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0360491802238707 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0360-4918.2002.00246.x
Cronin, Thomas E., and Michael A. Genovese. 2004. The Paradoxes of the American Presidency, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dallek, Robert. 2007. Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. New York: Harper-Collins.
Dimock, Michael. 2004. Bush and Public Opinion. In Considering the Bush Presidency, eds. Gary Gregg II and Mark J. Rozell. New York: Oxford.
Easton, Nina, et al. 2004. On the Trail of Kerry's Failed Dream. Boston Globe, November 14.
Edwards, George C. III. 2006. The Illusion of Transformational Leadership. Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, September 1.
Edwards, George C. III. 2003. On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Edwards, George C. III. 2004. Riding High in the Polls: George W. Bush and Public Opinion. In The George W. Bush Presidency: Appraisals and Prospects, eds. Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Entman, Robert M. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Farnsworth, Stephen J. 2009. Spinner in Chief: How Presidents Sell Their Policies and Themselves. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 2006. The Mediated Presidency: Television News and Presidential Governance. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Fisher, Louis. 2004. The Way We Go to War: The Iraq Resolution. In Considering the Bush Presidency, eds. Gary Gregg II and Mark J. Rozell. New York: Oxford University Press.
Frum, David. 2003. The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George W. Bush. An Inside Account. New York: Random House.
Gilbert, Robert E. 1989. President versus Congress: The Struggle for Public Attention. Presidential Studies Quarterly 16(3):83-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07343468909507926
Gordon, Michael R. 2003. Basra Offers a Lesson on Taking Baghdad. New York Times, April 3.
Graber, Doris. 2006. Mass Media and American Politics, 7th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Gregg, Gary L. 2004. Dignified Authenticity: George W. Bush and the Symbolic Presidency. In Considering the Bush Presidency, eds. Gary Gregg II and Mark J. Rozell. New York: Oxford University Press.
Grossman, Michael B., and Martha Joynt Kumar. 1981. Portraying the President. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hall, Jim. 2001. Online Journalism: A Critical Primer. London: Pluto Press. Han, Lori Cox. 2001. Governing from Center Stage: White House Communication Strategies during the Television Age of Politics. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Hess, Stephen. 1981. The Washington Reporters. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Hess, Stephen. 1986. The Ultimate Insiders: U.S. Senators in the National Media. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Hess, Stephen. 1991. Live from Capitol Hill! Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Hess, Stephen. 1996. Presidents and the Presidency. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Isikoff, Michael. 2000. Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter's Story. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Johnston, David, and Jim Rutenberg. 2007. At the Libby Trial, Hints of Intrigue and Betrayal. New York Times, January 25.
Kassop, Nancy. 2003. The War Power and Its Limits. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33:3, 509-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1741-5705.00004
Kernell, Samuel. 2007. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership, 4th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Klein, Joe. 2002. The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton. New York: Doubleday.
Kumar, Martha Joynt. 2001. The Office of the Press Secretary. Presidential Studies Quarterly 31(2):296-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00172.x
Kumar, Martha Joynt. 2003. The Contemporary Presidency: Communications Operations in the White House of President George W. Bush : Making News on His Terms. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33(2):366-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2003.tb00035.x
Kurtz, Howard. 1994. Media Circus: The Trouble with America's Newspapers. New York: Times Books / Random House.
Kurtz, Howard. 1998. Spin Cycle: Inside the Clinton Propaganda Machine. New York: Free Press.
Kurtz, Howard. 2007. Journalist Forced to Reveal Her Methods. Washington Post, January 31.Lichtblau, Eric, and David Johnston. 2007. Court to Oversee U.S. Wiretapping in Terror Cases. New York Times, January 18.
Lichter, S. Robert, and Daniel Amundson. 1994. Less News Is Worse News: Television News Coverage of Congress. In Congress, the Press, and the Public, eds. Thomas E. Mann and Norman Ornstein. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and Brookings Institution.
Lichter, S. Robert, and Stephen J. Farnsworth. 2003. Government In and Out of the News. A Report to the Council for Excellence in Government. Washington, DC: Center for Media and Public Affairs.
Lindsay, James M. 2003. Deference and Defiance: The Shifting Rhythms of Executive- Legislative Relations in Foreign Policy. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33(3):530- 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1741-5705.00005
Lowi, Theodore J. 1985. The Personal President: Power Invested, Promise Unfulfilled. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Mann, Thomas E., and Norman J. Ornstein. 2006. The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track. New York: Oxford University Press.
McClellan, Scott. 2008. What Happened: Inside Bush's White House and Washington's Culture of Deception. New York: Public Affairs.
Milbank, Dana. 2004. The Administration versus the Administration. Washington Post, June 29.
Milkis, Sidney. 2006. The Presidency and Political Parties. In The Presidency and the Political System, 8th ed., ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Miroff, Bruce. 2006. The Presidential Spectacle. In The Presidency and the Political System, 8th ed., ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Mooney, Chris. 2004. Did Our Leading Newspapers Set Too Low a Bar for a Preemptive Attack? Columbia Journalism Review, March-April.
Nagourney, Adam, and Janet Elder. 2006a. Only 25% in Poll Voice Approval of Congress. New York Times, September 21.
Nagourney, Adam, and Janet Elder. 2006b. Poll Shows Foley Case Is Alienating Public from Congress. New York Times, October 10.
Nelson, Michael. 2003. Evaluating the Presidency. In The Presidency and the Political System, 7th ed., ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Orkent, Daniel. 2004. Weapons of Mass Destruction? Or Mass Distraction? New York Times, May 30.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2000. Some Final Observations on Voter Opinions. December 21.
Pfiffner, James P. 2004a. The Character Factor: How We Judge America's Presidents. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Pfiffner, James P. 2004b. Introduction: Assessing the Bush Presidency. In Considering the Bush Presidency, eds. Gary Gregg II and Mark J. Rozell. New York: Oxford University Press.
Quirk, Paul. 2006. Presidential Competence. In The Presidency and the Political System, 8th ed., ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Rieff, David. 2003. Blueprint for a Mess. New York Times Magazine, November 2.
Risen, James, and Eric Lichtblau. 2007. Concerns Raised on Wider Spying under New Law. New York Times, August 19.
Rozell, Mark. 1994. Press Coverage of Congress, 1946-1992. In Congress, the Press, and the Public, eds. Thomas E. Mann and Norman Ornstein. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and Brookings Institution.
Rutenberg, Jim. 2007. Edwards Campaign Tries to Harness Internet. New York Times, August 1.
Rutenberg, Jim, and David Cloud. 2006. Bush, Facing Dissent on Iraq, Jettisons 'Stay the Course.' New York Times, October 24.
Shane, Scott. 2007c. Former Press Secretary Dispels Many Illusions. New York Times, January 30.
Shane, Scott, and Neil Lewis. 2007. Bush Commutes Libby Sentence, Saying 30 Months 'Is Excessive.' New York Times, July 3.
Shane, Scott, and Adam Liptak. 2006. Shifting Power to a President. New York Times, September 30.
Shanker, Thom. 2007. New Strategy Vindicates Ex–Army Chief Shinseki. New York Times, January 12.
Skocpol, Theda. 1997. Boomerang: Health Care Reform and the Turn against Government. New York: Norton.
Tapper, Jake. 2001. Down and Dirty: The Plot to Steal the Presidency. Boston: Little, Brown.
Tapper, Jake. 2002. Down and Dirty, Revisited: A Postscript on Florida and the News Media. In Overtime: The Election 2000 Thriller, ed. Larry Sabato. New York: Longman.
Tulis, Jeffrey K. 1987. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
VandeHei, Jim. 2005. Bush Paints His Goals as 'Crises.' Washington Post, January 8.
Waterman, Richard W., Robert Wright, and Gilbert St. Clair. 1999. The Image-Is-Everything Presidency. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Zernike, Kate. 2006. Bush's Use of Authority Riles Senator. New York Times, June 28.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with American Review of Politics agree to the following terms:
The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
Attribution: other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
Non-Commercial: the materials may not be used for commercial purposes;
Share Alike: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
The Author represents and warrants that:
the Work is the Author’s original work;
the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
the Work has not previously been published;
the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.