Is it Really Red vs. Blue? Politics, Religion, and the Culture War Within
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2008.29.0.1-18Abstract
Popular media accounts have suggested there is a culture war raging between residents in red and blue states. Conversely, recent scholarship challenges that position and finds most Americans are not engaged in a culture war, but rather hold moderate positions on controversial social issues. Using public opinion data from the American National Election Study, we attempt to shed further light on the culture war debate. Our findings indicate that there are significant divisions between citizens who hold a literal interpretation of the Bible and those who do not. We conclude that a culture war does not rage between red and blue state residents as popular media accounts often portray; however, there is evidence of polarization within red and blue states with biblical beliefs at the center of this division.References
Abramowitz, Alan I. 1995. It.s Abortion Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election. Journal of Politics 57:176-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2960276
Abramowitz, Alan, and Kyle Saunders. 2005. Why Can't We All Just Get Along? The Reality of a Polarized America. The Forum 3(2), Article 1.
Ammerman, Nancy Tatom. 1987. Bible Believers: Fundamentalists in the Modern World. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Bartels, Larry. 2006. What's the Matter with What's the Matter with Kansas? Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1:201-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00000010
Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 2007. Divided America: The Ferocious Power Struggle in American Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Brewer, Mark D., and Jeffrey M. Stonecash. 2007. Split: Class and Cultural Divides in American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483330532
Campbell, David, and J. Quin Monson. 2005. The Religion Card: Evangelical, Catholics, and Gay Marriage in the 2004 Presidential Election. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
Cook, Elizabeth Adell, Ted G. Jelen, and Clyde Wilcox. 1992. Between Two Absolutes: American Public Opinion and the Politics of Abortion. Boulder, CO: Greenwood.
Cook, Elizabeth Adell, Ted G. Jelen, and Clyde Wilcox. 1994. Issue Voting in U.S. Senate Elections: The Abortion Issue in 1990. Congress and the Presidency 21:99-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07343469409507881
DiMaggio, Paul, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson. 1996. Have Americans. Social Attitudes Become More Polarized? American Journal of Sociology 102:690-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/230995
Dionne, E.J., Jr. 2003. One Nation Deeply Divided. Washington Post, Nov. 7, p. A31.
Dionne, E.J., Jr. 2006. Polarized by God? American Politics and the Religious Divide. Pp. 175-205 in Red and Blue Nation?, eds. Pietro S. Nivola and David W. Brady. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Fiorina, Morris P., Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy C. Pope. 2006. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, 2nd ed. New York: Pearson-Longman.
Francia, Peter L., and Jody C. Baumgartner. 2005-2006. Victim or Victor of the. Culture War.? How Cultural Issues Affect Support for George W. Bush in Rural America. American Review of Politics 26:349-367.
Frank, Thomas. 2004. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Glaeser, Edward L., Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto, and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2004. Strategic Extremism: Why Republicans and Democratic Divide on Religious Values. Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Discussion Paper Number 2044.
Green, John C., and James L. Guth. 1991. The Bible and the Ballot Box: The Shape of Things to Come. Pp. 207-225 in The Bible and the Ballot Box: Religion and Politics in the 1988 Election, eds. James L. Guth and John C. Green. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Green, John C., James L. Guth, and Kevin Hill. 1993. Faith and Election: The Christian Right in Congressional Campaigns, 1978-1988. Journal of Politics 55:80-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2132229
Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Todd G. Shields. 2005. Moral Issues and Voter Decision Making in the 2004 Presidential Election. PS: Politics and Political Science 38: 201-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096505056301
Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York: Basic.
Hutcheson, Richard G., Jr., and Peggy L. Shriver. 1999. The Divided Church: Moving Liberals and Conservative from Diatribe to Dialogue. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press.
Jackman, Simon. 2004. Same-Sex Marriage Ballot Initiatives and Conservative Mobilization in the 2004 Election. Retrieved August 20, 2007 from http://jackman.stanford.edu/papers/RISSPresentation.pdf.
Jacobson, Gary C. 2007. A Divider, Not a Uniter: George W. Bush and the American People. New York: Longman.
Jelen, Ted G. 1991. The Political Mobilization of Religious Beliefs. New York: Praeger.
Jelen, Ted G., and Clyde Wilcox. 2003. Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes Toward Abortion: A Review and Research Agenda. Political Research Quarterly 56:489-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600410 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219809
Kaufmann, Karen M. 2002. Culture Wars, Secular Realignment, and the Gender Gap in Party Identification. Political Behavior 24:283-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021824624892
Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Corwin E. Smidt. 1996. Measuring Fundamentalism: an Analysis of Different Operational Strategies. Pp. 193-218 in Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front, eds. John C. Green, James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, and Corwin E. Smidt. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 2000. Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation. American Journal of Political Science 44:347-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2669316
Kuckey, Jonathan. 2005. A New Front in the Culture War? Moral Traditionalism and Voting Behavior in U.S. House Elections. American Politics Research 33:645-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673X04270517
Larson, Edward J. 1997. Summer of the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. New York: Basic.
Lawrence, Jill. 2002. Values, Votes, and Points of View Separate Towns and Nation. USA Today, February 18, p. A10.
Layman, Geoffrey C. 1997. Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact of Beliefs, Affiliations, and Commitment from 1980 to 1994. Public Opinion Quarterly 61:288-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297796
Layman, Geoffrey C. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Layman, Geoffrey C., and Edward G. Carmines. 1997. Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and U.S. Political Behavior. Journal of Politics 59:751-777. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998636
Marsden, George M. 1980. Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of 20th Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925. New York: Oxford University Press.
McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
McElvaine, Robert S. 2004. Red State; Blue State; A Democrat's Lonely Stand. Washington Post, October 10, p. B1.
Mouw, Ted, and Michael Sobel. 2001. Culture Wars and Opinion Polarization: The Case of Abortion. American Journal of Sociology 106:913-943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320294
Mutz, Diana C. 2006. How the Mass Media Divide Us. Pp. 223-48 in Red and Blue Nation?, eds. Pietro S. Nivola and David W. Brady. Washington, DC: Brookings.
National Exit Poll. 2004. National Exit Poll Results: Presidential Election. Washington Post, November 2. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www.washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/elections/2004/graphics/exitPolls_national.html.
Newport, Frank. 2005. Church Attendance and Party Identification. The Gallup Organization, May 18.
O.Connor, Karen. 1996. No Neutral Ground? Abortion Politics in an Age of Absolutes. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Olson, Laura R., and John C. Green. 2006. The Religion Gap. PS: Political Science and Politics 39:455-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096506060860
Pew Center for People and the Press. 2001. Faith-Based Funding Backed, but Church-State Doubts Abound. Retrieved August 20, 2007 from http://people-press.org/ reports/display.php3?PageID=111.
Rozell, Mark J., Clyde Wilcox, and John C. Green. 1998. Religious Constituencies and Support for the Christian Right in the 1990s. Social Science Quarterly 79:815-827.
Smith, Kevin B. 1994. Abortion Attitudes and Vote Choice in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections. American Politics Quarterly 22:354-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9402200305
Spong, John Shelby. 1991. Rescuing the Bible from Fundamentalism. New York: Harper Collins.
Sullins, D. Paul. 1999. Catholic/Protestant Trends on Abortion: Convergence and Polarity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 38:354-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1387757
Tedin, Kent, David Brady, Mary Buxton, Barbara Gorman, and Judy Thompson. 1977. Social Background and Political Differences between Pro- and Anti-ERA Activists. American Politics Quarterly 5:395-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673X7700500308
Tomz, Michael, Jason Wittenberg, and Gary King. 2001. CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, June 1.
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
White, John Kenneth. 2003. The Values Divide. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Wilcox, Clyde, and Carin Larson. 2006. Onward Christian Soldiers: The Religious Right in American Politics, 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Wuthnow, Robert. 1988. The Restructuring of American Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with American Review of Politics agree to the following terms:
The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
Attribution: other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
Non-Commercial: the materials may not be used for commercial purposes;
Share Alike: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
The Author represents and warrants that:
the Work is the Author’s original work;
the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
the Work has not previously been published;
the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.