Western European Union: Rhetoric and Reality (Essay)

Authors

  • Tim Birch

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1994.15.0.383-416

Abstract

This paper briefly outlines the historical evolution of the Western European Union, from its origins in the Brussels Treaty to WEU’s recent linkage with the process of European integration. Particular attention is paid to the political and military development of WEU as this relates to the apparent goal of eventual Western European defense integration. It is argued that in spite of the clamour to establish a European Defense Identity under WEU, however, the Europeans do not have a practical short-term alterative to the present situation of military dependence upon the United States and NATO.

References

Acheson, Dean. 1969. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Air Force Magazine. May 1992. U.S. Air Forces in Europe.

Armed Forces Journal International. Selected issues, 1992.

Asmus, Ronald D., Richard L. Kugler and F. Stephen Larrabee. 1993. Building a New NATO. Foreign Affairs 72/4: 28-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045713

Aviation Week and Space Technology. Selected issues, 1989 to 1992.

Baumann, Carol Edler, ed. 1987. Europe in NATO: Deterrence, Defense and Arms Control. New York: Praeger.

Bayliss, John. 1989. British Defense Policy. New York: St. Martin's Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19823-8

Beard, Robin. 1993. NATO Armaments Cooperation in the 1990s. NATO Review 41/2: 23-28.

Bicksler, B.A. and J.L. Lacy. 1992. After the Fall: Russian Perspectives on Security Policy and Arms Control. IDA Document D1141. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analysis.

Birch, Timothy J. and John H. Crotts II. 1993. European Defense Integration: National Interests. National Sensitivities. In Alan Cafruny and Glenda Rosenthal, eds., The State o f the European Community. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Boyer, Yves. 1986. High Technology and the Security Relationship Between the United States and Europe. In Robin Laird, ed., French Security Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Brittan, Sir Leon. 1991. Europe Within NATO. RUSI Journal (Summer): 35-38.

Coker, Christopher, ed. 1989. Drifting Apart? The Superpowers and their European Allies. London: Brassev's.

___________ . 1987. British Defense Policy in the 1990s. London: Brassey's.

Corbett. Richard. 1992. The Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 33/3: 271-298.

Cordesman, Anthony. 1989. The Uses of Force in the Middle East. In Josef I. Coffey and G. Bonvicini, eds., The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10250-1_3

Declaration of the WEU Council of Ministers. 22 November 1993. Luxembourg.

Delors, Jacques. 1991. European Integration and Security. Survival 33/2: 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396339108442580

Department of Defense. 1991. The Comeback Capability. Defense '91. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

__________. 1992. DoD Key Technologies Plan. Director o f Defense Research and Engineering.

__________. 1993. National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 1994. Office of the Comptroller of the Department of Defense.

Dussauge, Pierre and Bernard Garrete. 1993. Industrial Alliances in Aerospace and Defence: An Empirical Study of Strategic and Organizationa Patterns. Defence Economics 4: 45-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430719308404747

The Economist. 1992. Survey: Defence in the 21st Century.

Freedman. Lawrence. 1980. Britain and Nuclear Weapons. London: The Macmillan Press.

Fursdon. Edward. 1980. The European Defence Community: A History. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Gardner. Keith. 1993. Technology Development in NATO. NATO Review 41/1: 23-27.

Groom, A.J.R., and Paul Taylor, eds. 1975. Theory and Practice in International Relations: Functionalism. New York: Crane. Russak.

Hacket. Clifford. 1990. Cautious Revolution: The EC Arrives. New York: Greenwood Press.

Hartley. Keith and Nicholas Cooper. 1990. Costs and Benefits to the United Kingdom of the U.S. Military Presence. In Jane M. O. Sharp, ed., Europe After an American Withdrawal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hartley, Keith and Stephen Martin. 1993. Evaluating Collaborative Programmes. Defence Economics 4: 195-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430719308404759

HMSO. 1992. Statement on the Defence Estimates. London.

Henares, Lopez and M. Tummers. February 1993. Information Report submitted on behalf of the Committee for Parliamentary and Public Relations. Brussels: WEU Assembly.

Howe, Admiral JonathanT., USN. 1991. NATO and the Gulf Crisis. Survival 33/3: 246-259.

International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1992. The Military Balance 1991-1992. London: Brassey's for the IISS.

Joffe, George. 1992. European Security and the New Arc of Crisis: Paper 1. Adelphi Paper 265: 53-68.

Joffe, Joseff. 1992. Collective Security and the Future of Europe: Failed Dreams and Dead Ends. Survival 34/2: 36-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396339208442629

Klare, Michael T. 1993. The Next Great Arms Race. Foreign Affairs 72/3: 136-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045628

Laird. Robin. 1991. The Europeanization o f the Alliance. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Laquer, Walter and Leon Sloss. 1990. European Security in the 1990s: Deterrence and Defense after the INF Treaty. New York: Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3576-2

Malone. Peter. 1984. The British Nuclear Deterrent. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Martin, Lisa. 1992. Institutions and Cooperation: Sanctions During the Falkland Islands Conflict. International Security 16/4: 143-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539190

McLellan, David. 1976. Dean Acheson: The State Department Years. New York: Dodd. Mead & Co.

Military Technology. September 1992. The French 1992-1994 Military Programme Law.

Navias, Martin. 1993. Arms Trade and Arms Control in the Middle East and North Africa. In The Middle Exist and North Africa. London: Europa Publications.

Nugent. Neil. 1989. The Government and Politics o f the European Community. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Pond. Elizabeth. 1992. Germany in the New Europe. Foreign Affairs 71: 114-130.

Powaski, Ronald. 1991. Toward an Entangling Alliance: American Isolationism, Internationalism, and Europe, 1901-1950. New York: Greenwood Press.

Sabin, Philip A.G. 1993. British Defence Choices Beyond 'Options for Change/ International Affairs 69/2: 267-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621594

Sandholtz, Wayne. 1992. ESPRIT and the Politics o f International Collective Action. Journal of Common Market Studies 30/1: 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1992.tb00416.x

Sherwood, Elizabeth D. 1990. Allies in Crisis: Meeting Global Challenges to Western Security. New Haven: Yale University Press.

SIPRI Yearbook. 1993. World Armaments and Disarmament. London: Oxford University Press.

Smith. Sir Dudley. 5 October 1993. The WEU and the European Common Foreign and Security Policy. Speech delivered at the Institut Royal Superieur de Defense. Brussels.

Statement by Eurogroup Ministers on Eurogroup Institutional Change. 9 December 1992. NATO Review 41/1: 32.

Stenhouse, Mark. 1992. NATO's Southern Region: The New Front Line? Jane's NATO Handbook 1991-92. London: Jane's.

Stuart. Douglass, and William Tow. 1990. The Limits o f Alliance: NATO Out-of-Area Problems

___________ . 1992. WEU's Post-Maastricht Agenda. NATO Review 40/2: 13-17.

Vos, Henk and Bill Richardson. 1992. A European Security Identity After Rome and Maastricht. Draft Interim Report, North Atlantic Assembly.

Womer. Manfred. 1992. A Vigorous Alliance-A Motor for Peaceful Change in Europe. NATO Review 40/6:3-9.

Yost. David. 1985. France and Conventional Defense in Central Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Zametica, John. The Yugoslav Crisis. Adelphi Paper 270. London: Brassey's for the IISS.

Downloads

Published

1994-11-01

Issue

Section

Articles