Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe

Authors

  • David M. Olson

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1993.14.0.619-658

Abstract

The collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe has provided the basis for new democracies. Competitively elected parliaments, accountable executives, independent judiciaries, enforceable civil liberties and a free press have rapidly emerged through a relatively short transitional period. The formation of political parties and interest groups, however, is taking much longer, and has proven a much more complex process than the change of the political system.

References

Agh, Attila. 1992. The Emerging Party System in East Central Europe. Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition, No. 13. Budapest: Hungarian Center for Democracy Studies Foundation.

Barany, Zoltan B. and Louisa Vinton. 1990. Breakthrough to Democracy: Elections in Poland and Hungary. Studies in Comparative Communism 23: 191-212.

Batt, Judy. 1991. East Central Europe: From Reform to Transformation. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

Belyaeva, Nina and Vladimir Lipekhin. 1993. Factions, Groups and Blocks in the Russian Parliament. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 20 (14 May), 18-19.

Berglund, Sten, M. Grzybowski, J. Dellenbrandt and M. Bankowicz. 1988. East European Multi-Party Systems. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.

Berglund, Sten and Jan A. Dellenbrandt. 1992. The Evolution of Party Systems in Eastern Europe. Journal of Communist Studies 8: 148-159.

Bielasiak, Jack. 1992. The Dilemma of Political Interests in the Postcommunist Transition. In Walter D. Connor and Piotr Ploszajski, eds., Escape from Socialism: The Polish Route. Warsaw: IFIS Publishers.

Brady, Henry et al. 1992. Old and New Forms of Political Participation: Political Parties in the Russian Federation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.

Brokl, Lubomir. 1992. Mezi listopadem 1989 a demokracii?antinomie nasi politiky. Sociologicky casopis 28: 150-164.

__________ and Zdenka Mansfeldova. 1993. Die Wahlen in der CSFR 1992 under der Weg in die Afloesung der Foederation. In Gerd Meyer, ed., Die Politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.

Butterfield, Jim. 1992. Russia?s Non-Democratic Spectrum. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.

Chinn, Jeff. 1993. Ethnic Cleavages and Democracy in the Independent Baltic States. In Gary D. Wekkin, Donald E. Whistler, Michael A. Kelley, and Michael A. Maggiotto, eds., Building Democracy in One-Party Systems. Westport, CN and London: Praeger.

Comisso, Ellen. 1992. Federalism and Nationalism in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe. Paper presented at symposium on ?Federalism for the New Europe,? Cardozo School of Law, New York, 10-12 September.

Crowther, William. 1992. Electoral Politics and Transition in Romania. Paper presented at con-ference on ?Elections and Political Stability in East and Central Europe,? Princeton, NJ, June.

Danilov, Alexander A. and Sergei Zasorin. 1993. Appendix II: Contemporary Political Parties in the Russian Federation. In Gary D. Wekkin, Donald E. Whistler, Michael A. Kelley, and Michael A. Maggiotto, eds., Building Democracy in One-Party Systems. Westport, CN and London: Praeger.

Domanski, Henryk. 1991. Structural Constraints on the Formation of the Middle Class. Sisyphus: Sociological Studies VII: ?Challenges to Pluralism in Eastern Europe.? Warsaw: IFIS Pub-lishers.

Elster, Jon. 1991. Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe: An Introduction. University of Chicago Law Review 58: 447-482.

Eptsein, Leon. 1967. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.

Frentzel-Jagorska, Janina. 1991. Two Phases of Transition from Communism to Democracy in Poland and Hungary. Sisyphus: Sociological Studies VII: ?Challenges to Pluralism in Eastern Europe.? Warsaw: IFIS Publishers.

Furtak, Robert K. 1990. Elections in Socialist States in Comparative Perspective. In Robert K. Furtak, ed., Elections in Socialist States. New York: Harvester, Wheatsheaf.

Garton-Ash, Timothy. 1990. The Magic Lantern. New York: Random House.

Gebethner, Stanislaw. 1991. New Party System in Making in Poland of the 1990s. In Gerd Meyer and Franciszek Ryszka, eds., Political Participation and Democracy in Poland and West Germany. Warsaw: Osrodek Badan Spolecznych.

__________. 1992a. Political Institutions in the Process of Transition to a Postsocialist Formation: Polish and Comparative Perspectives. In Walter D. Connor and Piotr Ploszajski, eds., Escape from Socialism: The Polish Route. Warsaw: IFIS Publishers.

__________. 1992b. Political Reform in the Process of Round Table Negotiations. In George San-ford, ed., Democratization in Poland, 1988-90. New York: St. Martin?s Press.

__________. 1993a. Political Parties in Poland (1989-1993). In Gerd Meyer, ed., Die Politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.

__________. 1993b. Proportional Representation Versus Majoritarian Systems: Free Elections and Political Parties in Transitions to Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Unpublished manuscript, University of Warsaw.

Gibbons, Roger. 1982. Regionalism: Territorial Politics in Canada and the United States. Toronto: Butterworth?s.

Hanson, Philip. 1993. Estonia?s Narva Problem, Narva?s Estonian Problem. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 18 (30 April), 17-23.

Heyns, Barbara and Ireneusz Bialecki. 1991. Solidarnosc: Reluctant Vanguard or Makeshift Coali-tion? American Political Science Review 85: 351-370.

Hibbing, John and Samuel C. Patterson. 1991. A Democratic Legislature in the Making: The His-toric Hungarian Elections of 1990. Comparative Political Studies 24: 430-54.

Hough, Jerry. 1989. The Politics of Successful Economic Reform. Soviet Economy 5: 1, 3-46.

Illner, Michal. 1992. Local Elections and Political Change in the Czech Republic. Paper presented at conference on ?Elections and Political Stability in East and Central Europe,? Princeton, NJ, June.

Janowski, Karol B. 1992. From Monopoly to Death-Throes: the PZPR in the Process of Political Transformation. In George Sanford, ed., Democratization in Poland, 1988-90. New York: St. Martin?s Press.

Jasiewicz, Krzysztof. 1992a. Polish Elections of 1990 Beyond the ?Pospolite Ruszenie.? In Walter D. Connor and Piotr Ploszajski, eds., Escape from Socialism: The Polish Route. Warsaw: IFIS Publishers.

__________. 1992b. Poland. European Journal of Political Research 22: 489-504.

__________. 1993. Elections and Political Change in Eastern Europe. In Stephen White, Judy Batt and Paul Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Kaminski, Antoni. 1991. Prospects for Democracy in Poland. Sisyphus: Sociological Studies VII: ?Challenges to Pluralism in Eastern Europe.? Warsaw: IFIS Publishers.

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1992. The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe. Politics & Society 20: 7-50.

Korosenyi, Andras. 1991. Revival of the Past or New Beginning? The Nature of Post-Communist Politics. In Gyorgy Szoboszlai, ed., Democracy and Political Transformation. Budapest: Hungarian Political Science Association.

Kostova, Dobrinka. 1992. Political Action in Bulgaria: Challenges and Risks in the Parliamentary Elections. Paper presented at conference on Elections and Political Stability in East and Central Europe, Princeton, NJ, June.

Krickus, Richard. 1993. Latvia?s Russian Question. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 18 (30 April), 29-34.

Kubik, Jan. 1993. East-Central European Transitions: Dual or Quadruple? The Case of Poland. Un-published manuscript, Rutgers University.

Leff, Carol S. 1988. National Conflict in Czechoslovakia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Lewis, Paul. 1990. Non-Competitive Elections and Regime Change: Poland 1989. Parliamentary Affairs 43: 90-107.

Liebert, Ulrike and Maurizio Cotta, eds. 1990. Parliament and Democratic Consolidation in South-ern Europe. London: Pinter.

Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan. 1992. Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia. Daedalus (Spring): 123-139.

Lipset, Seymour M. and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Align-ments. In Seymour M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments. New York: Free Press.

McGregor, James. 1993. How Electoral Laws Shape Eastern Europe?s Parliaments. RFE/RL Re-search Report 2: 4 (22 January), 11-18.

McQuaid, David. 1991a. The Political Landscape Before the Elections. RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe 2 (18 October), 10-17.

__________. 1991b. Poland: The Parliamentary Elections?A Postmortem. RFE/RL Report on East-ern Europe 2: 44 (8 November), 15-21.

?The Media in Eastern Europe.? 1993. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 19 (7 May), 22-35.

Obrman, Jan. 1992a. Dubcek Joins the Social Democrats in Slovakia. RFE/RL Research Report 2 (3 April), 16-19.

__________. 1992b. Czechoslovakia?s New Governments. RFE/RL Research Report (17 July), 1-8.

__________. 1993. Czech Opposition Parties in Disarray. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 16 (16 April), 1-5.

__________ and Pavel Mates. 1993. Czech Republic Debates Return of Church Property. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 19 (7 May), 46-50.

O?Donnell, Guillermo and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. In Guillermo O?Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Offe, Claus. 1991. Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transi-tion in East Central Europe. Social Research 58: 865-892.

Olson, David M. 1993a. Compartmentalized Competition: The Managed Transitional Election System of Poland. Journal of Politics 55: 415-441.

__________. 1993b. Dissolution of the State: Political Parties and the 1992 Election in Czecho-slovakia. Communist and Post Communist Studies 26: 299-312.

__________. 1994. The Sundered State: Federalism and Parliament in Czechoslovakia. In Thomas Remington, ed., Parliaments in Transition: Legislative Politics in Eastern Europe and the Former USSR. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Olson, David M., Jindriska Syllova and Jana Reschova. 1993. Prvni volebni obdobi demokratickeho parlamentu v CSFR: Federalni shromazdeni 1990-92: komparacni pohled. Pravnik 132: 2, 125-141. (?The First Term of the Democratic Parliament of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic: A Comparative Perspective?).

Olson, David M. and Ian Fried. 1992. Party and Party System in Regime Transformation: The Inner Transition in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.

Olszewski, Edward. 1992. The Transformation of Political Life in Poland. In Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras, eds., The Transnational Future of Europe. Lublin: Maria Curie-Skodowska University Pess.

Ost, David. 1990. Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Pacek, Alexander. 1992. New Political Parties in Eastern Europe: Building a Research Agenda. VOX POP Newsletter 10: 3, 1-8ff.

Pehe, Jiri. 1990. The New Federal Assembly: The Balance Sheet after One Month. Report on East-ern Europe 1: 33 (17 August), 7-10.

__________. 1991a. The Civic Forum Becomes a Political Party. Report on Eastern Europe 2 (1 February), 1-4.

__________. 1991b. The Realignment of Political Forces. Report on Eastern Europe 2 (24 May), 1-5.

__________. 1991c. The Emergence of Right-wing Extremism. Report on Eastern Europe 2 (28 June), 1-6.

__________. 1991d. Divisions in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Report on Eastern Europe 2 (26 July), 10-13.

Pelczynski, Zbigniew and Sergiusz Kowalski. 1990. Poland. Electoral Studies 9: 346-354.

Pohoski, Michal. Political Regime, Economic Growth and Social Structure in Poland. Sisyphus: Sociological Studies VII: ?Challenges to Pluralism in Eastern Europe.? Warsaw: IFIS Pub-lishers.

Pridham, Geoffrey, ed. 1990. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe. London: Routledge.

Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Eastern Europe: The Most Significant Event in our Life Time? Sisyphus: Sociological Studies VII: ?Challenges to Pluralism in Eastern Europe.? Warsaw: IFIS Pub-lishers.

Racz, Barnabas. 1991. Political Pluralisation in Hungary: the 1990 Elections. Soviet Studies 43: 107-136.

Reisch, Alfred. 1992. Hungarian Coalition Succeeds in Czechoslovak Election. RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe 1: 26 (26 June), 20-22.

Reschova, Jana. 1992. Nova politika s novymi ludmi: Federalne zhromazdenie v roku 1990. Sociologicky Casopis 28: 222-36.

Rona-Tas, Akos. 1991. The Selected and the Elected: The Making of the New Parliamentary Elite in Hungary. East European Politics and Societies 5: 357-93.

Roskin, Michael G. 1993. The Emerging Party Systems of Central and Eastern Europe. East Euro-pean Quarterly 27: 47-63.

Rudolph, Joseph R. 1989. Belgium: Variations on the Theme of Territorial Accommodation. In Joseph R. Rudolph and Robert J. Thompson, eds., Ethnoterritorial Politics, Policy, and the Western World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Rychard, Andrzej. 1992a. Participation and Interests: Dilemmas of the Emerging Social and Political Structure in Poland. In Walter D. Connor and Piotr Ploszajski, eds., Escape from Socialism: The Polish Route. Warsaw: IFIS Publishers.

__________. 1992b. Politics and Society after the Breakthrough: the Sources and Threats to Political Legitimacy in Post-Communist Poland. In George Sanford, ed., Democratization in Poland, 1988-90. New York: St. Martin?s Press.

Sanford, George. 1992. The Polish Road to Democratisation: from Political Impasse to the ?Con-trolled Abdication? of Communist Power. In George Sanford, ed., Democratization in Poland, 1988-90. New York: St. Martin?s Press.

Simon, Janos. 1992. A Strong President or a Strong Parliament in Postcommunist Europe? Paper presented at conference on ?The Role of the Democratic Governments During and After the Transition from Plan to Market,? University of Twente, Netherlands, August.

__________. 1993a. Post-paternalist Political Culture in Hungary: Relationship Between Citizens and Politics During and After the ?Melancholic Revolution? (1989-1991). Communist and Post-Communist Studies 26: 226-238.

__________. 1993b. Political Culture and Party Preferences in Hungary. Unpublished manuscript, Institute for Political Science, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.

Simon, Maurice and David Paul. 1981. Poland Today and Czechoslovakia 1968. Problems of Com-munism 30 (Sept.-Oct.), 25-39.

Skala, Josef and Christoph Kunkel. 1992. Auf dem Weg zu einem konsolidierten Parteiensystem? Geschichte und Gesellschaft 18: 292-308.

Syllova, Jindriska. 1992. The Transition to Democracy in Czechoslovakia in the Field of Electoral Law. In Ziemowit J. Pietras and Marek Pietras, eds., The Transnational Future of Europe. Lublin: Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press.

Swianiewicz, Pawel. 1993. New Political Parties in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slo-vakia. Vox Pop Newsletter 12: 1, 3-7.

Taagepera, Rein and M.S. Shugart. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Elec-toral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Taras, Raymond C., ed. 1992. Handbook of Political Science Research on the USSR and Eastern Europe: Trends from the 1950s to the 1990s. Westport, CN: Greenwood.

Toka, Gabor. 1993. Changing Dimensions of Party Competition in Hungary 1990-1991. In Gerd Meyer, ed., Die politischen Kulturen Ostmitteleuropas im Umbruch. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.

Tolz, Vera, Wendy Slater and Alexander Rahr. 1993. Profiles of the Main Political Blocs. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 20 (14 May), 16-25.

Vinton, Louisa. 1991a. Solidarity and the Elections. RFE/RL Research Institute Report on Eastern Europe 2: 39 (27 September), 15-21.

__________. 1991b. Walesa and the Elections. RFE/RL Research Institute Report on Eastern Europe 2: 44 (1 November), 9-13.

__________. 1993. Walesa Applies Shock Therapy. RFE/RL Research Report 2: 24 (11 June), 1-11.

Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz. 1990. Transition from Authoritarianism to Democracy. Social Research 57: 435-461.

__________. 1991. Transition to Democracy: The Role of Social and Political Pluralism. Sisyphus: Sociological Studies VII: ?Challenges to Pluralism in Eastern Europe.? Warsaw: IFIS Pub-lishers.

White, Stephen and Gordon Wightman. 1989. Gorbachev?s Reforms: The Soviet Elections of 1989. Parliamentary Affairs 42: 560-581.

Wiatr, Jerzy. 1992. Fragmented Parties in a New Democracy: Poland. Paper presented at conference on ?Political Parties in the New Democracies,? Vienna, 24-26 April.

Wightman, Gordon. 1990. Czechoslovakia. Electoral Studies 9: 319-326.

__________. 1991. The Collapse of Communist Rule in Czechoslovakia and the June 1990 Parlia-mentary Elections. Parliamentary Affairs 66: 94-113.

__________. 1992. The 1992 Parliamentary Elections in Czechoslovakia. Journal of Communist Studies 8: 293-301.

__________. 1993. The Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections of 1992. Electoral Studies 12: 83-86.

Wolchik, Sharon. 1991. Czechoslovakia in Transition. London: Pinter Publishers.

Zlatkov, Tsocho. 1992. The Electoral Process in Post-Communist Bulgaria: Development and Specificities. Paper presented at conference on Elections and Political Stability in East and Central Europe,? Princeton, NJ, June.

Downloads

Published

1994-01-01

Issue

Section

Articles