“Be Confident”, “Creative” and “Careful”: Advice from Multiracial Adults
Main Article Content
Abstract
As the U.S. and international multiracial populations have increased, so has research in this area. Despite a multitude of studies about the unique struggles of being multiracial, little empirical data has been published about specific strategies that multiracial individuals use to navigate a monoracial (single-race)-oriented society. In this article, I offer insights and suggestions to cope with discrimination involving family, friends, and others from 28 multiracial Americans with various racial backgrounds, although all participants have white ancestry. In advising their younger self and/or the next generation of multiracial people, participants suggested cultivating confidence, resilience, and assertiveness to withstand the onslaught of marginalization that multiracial people endure. Other respondents recommended creatively engaging with media to actualize affirmation, connection, and consciousness to generate space between themselves and others’ perceptions of them. White-presenting participants proposed being careful about sharing their backgrounds, considering they are frequently questioned. This article offers strategies to navigate being multiracial in a racially tumultuous society that was designed by and for monoracial citizens.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
JCSCORE (ISSN 2642-2387) provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. All content in JCSCORE is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Unless otherwise noted, works published in JCSCORE are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike License (CC BY-NC-SA). By granting a CC BY-NC-SA license in their work, authors retain copyright ownership of the work, but they give explicit permission for others to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy the work, as long as the original source and author(s) are properly cited (i.e. a complete bibliographic citation and link to the JCSCORE website), re-use of the work is not for commercial purposes, and the re-used work is shared with the same license. No permission is required from the author(s) or the publishers for such use. According to the terms of the CC BY-NC-SA license, any reuse or redistribution must indicate the original CC-BY-NC-SA license terms of the work.
Exceptions to the application of the CC BY-NC-SA license may be granted at the author(s)’ discretion if reasonable extenuating circumstances exist. Such exceptions must be granted in writing. For coordinating use permission you may either contact the author directly or email jcscore@ou.edu.
References
lbuja, A. F., Sanchez, D. T., & Gaither, S. E. (2018). Fluid racial presentation: Perceptions of contextual ‘passing’ among Biracial People. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 77, 132-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.010
Atkin, A. L., & Jackson, K. F. (2021). “Mom, you don’t get it”: A critical examination of multiracial emerging adults’ perceptions of parental support. Emerging Adulthood, 9(4), 305-319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820914091
Beeson, D. (1997). Nuance, complexity and context: Qualitative research in genetic counseling. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 6(1), 21-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025659701805
Beltran, M. C. (2005). The new Hollywood racelessness: Only the fast, furious (and multiracial) will survive. Cinema Journal, 44(2), 50-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2005.0003
Bettez, S. C. (2011). But don’t call me white: Mixed race women exposing nuances of privilege and oppression politics. Sense Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-693-9
Burke, R., & Kao, G. (2013). Bearing the burden of whiteness: The implications of racial self-identification for multiracial adolescents’ school belonging and academic achievement. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(5), 747-773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.628998
Campbell, M. E., & Eggerling-Boek, J. (2006). “What about the children?”: The psychological and social well-being of multiracial adolescents.” The Sociological Quarterly, 47, 147-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00041.x
Campion, K., & Lewis, C. J. (2022). Racial illiteracies and whiteness: Exploring Black mixed race narrations of race in the family. Genealogy, 6(58). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6030058
Charmaraman, L., Quach, A.,Woo, M., & Erkut, S. (2014). How have researchers studied multiracial populations? A content and methodological review of 20 years of research. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 336-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035437
Chavez, N. (2021). Multiracial population grew in almost every county in the US. It doesn't mean racism is over. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/15/us/census-2020-multiracial-nation/index.html
Csizmadia, A., Rollins, A., & Kaneakua, J. P. (2014). Ethnic-Racial socialization and its correlates in families of black-white biracial children. Family Relations, 63(2), 259-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12062
Curington, C. V. (2020). “We’re the show at the circus”: Racially dissecting the multiracial body. Symbolic Interaction, 44(2), 269-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.484
Dalmage, H. (2005). Tripping on the color line: Black/white multiracial families in a racially divided world. Rutgers University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3090030
Daniel, R. G. (2002). More than Black: Multiracial identity and the new racial order. Temple University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0002
Edwards, L. M., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2004). Utilizing the strength of our cultures: Therapy with biracial women and girls. Women and Therapy, 27(1), 33-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/j015v27n01_03
England, S. (2010). Mixed and multiracial in Trinidad and Honduras: Rethinking mixed race identities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(2), 195-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903040169
Essie, C. (2017). Mama’s baby, papa’s too—Toward critical mixed race studies. Zeitschrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 65(2), 161-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0018
Foster-Frau, S., Mellnick, T. & Blanco, A. (2021). “We’re talking about a big powerful phenomenon”: Multiracial Americans drive change.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/10/08/mixed-race-americans-increase-census/
Franco, M., Katz, R., Pickens, J., & Brunsma, D. L. (2020). From my own flesh and blood: An exploratory examination of discrimination for Black/white multiracial people. Qualitative Social Work, 19(2), 346-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325018815734
Franco, M. G., Katz, R., & O’Brien, K. M. (2016). Forbidden identities: A qualitative examination of racial identity invalidation for Black/white biracial individuals. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 96-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.12.004
Funderburg, L. (1994). Black, white, other: Biracial Americans talk about race and identity. Quill.
Garcia, A. (2010). The pastoral clinic: Addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande. University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520947825
Gay, T. M., Farinu, O. T., & Issano Jackson, M. (2022). From all sides: Black-Asian Reddit communities identify and expand experiences of the multiracial microaggression taxonomy. Social Sciences, 11(4), 168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040168
Giebel, S. (2023). “As diverse as possible”: How universities compromise multiracial identities. Sociology of Education, 96(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00380407221139180
Gillieron, G. (2022). Changing from visibility to invisibility—An intersectional perspective on mixedness in Switzerland and Morocco. Genealogy, 6(30). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6020030
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Aldine Publishing Company.
Gonlin, V. (2022). Mixed-race ancestry ≠ Multiracial identification: The role racial discrimination, linked fate and skin tone have on the racial identification of people with mixed-race ancestry. Social Sciences, 11(4), 160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040160
Gonzales, T. I. (2020). Ratchet-rasquache activism: Aesthetic and discursive frames within Chicago-based women of color activism. Social Problems, 69(2), 380-397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa034
Gonzalez-Lopez, G. (2005). Erotic journeys: Mexican immigrants and their sex lives. University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520936133
Hamako, E. (2014). “Improving anti-racist education for multiracial students.” [Ph.D. dissertation.] Department of Education, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Harper, C. E. (2016). Pre-college and college predictors of longitudinal changes in multiracial college students’ self-reported race. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 19(5), 927-949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.911161
Harris, J. C. (2016). Toward a critical multiracial theory in education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(6), 795-813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2016.1162870
Harris, J. C. (2020). Multiracial faculty members’ experiences with teaching, research and service. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education,13(3), 228-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000123
Henderson, T. (2022). Multiracial residents are changing the face of the US. Pewtrusts.org. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/05/13/multiracial-residents-arechanging-the-face-of-the-us
Hernández, T. K. (2018). Multiracials and Civil Rights: Mixed race stories of discrimination. New York University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830329.001.0001
Ingram, D., Wilbur, J., McDevitt, J., & Buchholz, S. (2011). Women’s walking program for African American women: Expectations and recommendations from participants as experts. Women & Health, 51(6), 566-582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2011.606357
Ingraham, P., Chaudry, A. K., & Jones, W. T. (2014). How do biracial students interact with others on the college campus? College Student Journal, 48(2), 297.
Jackson, K. F., Wolven, T., & Aguilera, K. (2013). Mixed resilience: A study of multiethnic Mexican American stress and coping in Arizona. Family Relations, 62(1), 212-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00755.x
Johnson-Bailey, J. (2004). Hitting and climbing the proverbial wall: Participation and retention issues for Black graduate women. Race, Ethnicity, & Education, 7(4), 331-349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332042000303360
Johnston, M. P., & Nadal, K. L. (2010). Multiracial microaggressions: Exposing monoracism in everyday life and clinical practice. In D. W. Sue (Ed)., Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact, (pp. 123-144). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Johnston-Guerrero, M. P., Tran, V. T., & Combs, L. (2020). Multiracial identities and monoracism: Examining the influence of oppression. Journal of College Student Development, 61(1), 18-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0001
Jones, C. M., & Rogers, L. O. (2022). There are stereotypes for everything: Multiracial adolescents navigating racial identity under white supremacy. Social Sciences, 11(1), 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010019
Jones, N., Marks, M., Ramirez, R., & Rios-Vargas, M. (2021). 2020 Census illuminates racial and ethnic composition of the country. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-populationmuch-more-multiracial.html
Leong, N. (2010) Judicial erasure of mixed-race discrimination. American University Law Review, 469-551.
Lou, E., & Lalonde, R. N. (2015). Signs of transcendence? A changing landscape of multiraciality in the 21st Century.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 85-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.01.004
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Metcalfe, J. (2022). Dominant narratives of whiteness in identity construction of mixed-race young adults in post-Apartheid South Africa. Social Sciences, 11(5), 205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050205
Mohajeri, O. (2022). “Fly on the wall” moments reveal whiteness-at-work for contested white graduate students.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 35(4), 393-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2021.2003897
Mills, B. (2019). Old stereotypes made new: A textual analysis on the tragic mulatto stereotype in contemporary Hollywood. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(5), 411-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1512063
Mitchell, J. (2022). Deployments of multiracial masculinity and anti-black violence: The racial framings of Barack Obama, George Zimmerman, and Daunte Wright. Social Sciences, 11(6), 238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060238
Morgan, M., Pigg, E. N., Consoli, A., Pavone, D., & Meza, D. (2021). Like a chameleon: resilience among self-identified Latinx mixed adults. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v55i1.988
Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s: 2nd Edition. Routledge.
Ortiz, S. M. (2021). Call-in, call-out, care and cool rationality: How young adults respond to racism and sexism online. Social Problems. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab060
Phillips, A. (2017). The multiracial option: A step in the white direction. California Law Review, 1853-1873.
Renn, K. A. (2004). Mixed race students in college. State University of New York Press.
Rocha, Z. L., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2022). Hierarchies of mixedness: Hybridity, mixed-race racisms and belonging for Eurasians in Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(4), 738-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1921235
Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2008). Beyond Black: Biracial identity in America (2nd Ed). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Rondilla, J. L., Guevarra Jr., R. P., & Spickard, P. (2017). Red and Yellow, Black and Brown. Rutgers University Press.
Root, M. P. P. (1992). Racially mixed people in America. Sage Publications.
Ross, L. E. (2017). An account from the inside: Examining the emotional impact of qualitative research through the lens of ‘insider’ research. Qualitative Psychology, 4(3), 326-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000064
Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822x02239569
Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage Publications.
Salinas, C. (2020). The complexity of the “x” in Latinx: How Latinx/a/o students relate to, identify with, and understand the term Latinx. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 19(2), 149–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192719900382
Shek, D. T. L., Tang, V. M. Y., & Han, X. Y. (2005) Evaluation of evaluation studies using qualitative research methods in the social work literature (1990-2003): Evidence that constitutes a wake-up call. Research on Social Work Practice, 15(3), 180-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731504271603
Sprague, J. (2005). Feminist methodologies for critical researchers: Bridging differences. Alta Mira Press.
Stone, D. J., & Dolbin-MacNab, M. (2017). Racial socialization practices of white mothers raising Black-white biracial children. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(2), 97-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9406-1
strmic-pawl, h. v. (2016). Multiracialism and its discontents: A comparative analysis of Asian-white and Black-white multiracials. Lexington Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1392031
strmic-pawl, h. v. (2023). Multiracial: The kaleidoscope of mixedness. Polity. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2178951
Tessman, L. (1999). The racial politics of mixed race. Journal of Social Philosophy, 30(2), 276-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0047-2786.00018
Walker, A. (2011). Choosing to be biracial in America: The socio-political implications of the ‘check all that apply’ approach to race adopted in the 2000 U.S. Census. Berkeley La Raza Law Journal, 21, 61-91.
Waring, C. D. L. (2013). “They see me as exotic…that intrigues them”: Gender, sexuality and the racially ambiguous body. Race, Gender & Class, 20(3-4), 299-317.
Waring, C. D. L. (2017). “It’s like we have an ‘in’ already:” The racial capital of Black/white biracial Americans. DuBois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 14(1), 145-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000357
Waring, C. D. L. (2023). Appearance, parentage and paradox: The white privilege of bi/multiracial Americans with white ancestry. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 9(1), 56-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23326492221106439
Waring, C. D. L., & Purkayastha, B. (2017). “I’m a different kind of biracial:” How Black/white biracial Americans with immigrant parents negotiate race. Social Identities, 23(5), 614-630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2016.1271739
Waring, C. D., & Bordoloi, S. D. (2019). “I don’t look like her”: Race, resemblance, and relationships in multiracial families. Sociological Perspectives, 62(2), 149-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121418809696
Weiss, R. S. (1994). Learning from strangers: The art and methods of qualitative interview studies. The Free Press.
Woodward, K. (2008). Hanging out and hanging about: Insider/outsider research in the sport of boxing. Ethnography, 9(4), 536-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108096991
Zack, N. (1993). Race and mixed race. Temple University Press.