The Influence of Whiteness on the Group Socialization of Fraternity Men

Main Article Content

S. Brian Joyce
Tony Cawthon

Abstract

This study was constructed as a qualitative analysis to understand how racial attitudes are socialized within members of traditionally White fraternities through a critical examination of participants’ narratives on race. Narratives from seven participants were presented to identify five subcategories which were divided into two major themes for analysis: (a) Regulatory Behavior and (b) the Role of Racially Segregated Environments in Perpetuating White Supremacy. This study used institutional theory as a theoretical framework to deconstruct the ways in which Whiteness is perpetuated in hegemonic White spaces.

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Associated Press (2015, March 15). Timeline: List of recent sorority and fraternity racist incidents. USA TODAY College. Retrieved on August 11, 2015 from http://college.usatoday.com/2015/03/15/timeline-list-of-recent-sorority-andfraternity-racist-incidents/

Barone, R. (2014). White clauses in two historically white fraternities: documenting the past and exploring future implications. Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors, 9(1), 54-73.

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2001). White supremacy and racism in the post-civil rights era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685850272

Cabrera, N. L. (2012). Working through whiteness: White, male college students challenging racism. The Review of Higher Education, 35 (3), 375-401. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0020

Cabrera, N. L. (2014a). But we’re not laughing: White male college students’ racial joking and what this says about “post-racial” discourse. Journal of College Student Development, 55(1), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0007

Cabrera, N. L. (201b). Exposing whiteness in higher education: White male college students minimizing racism, claiming victimization, and recreating white supremacy. Race Ethnicity and Education, 17(1), 30-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2012.725040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2012.725040

Cabrera, A. F., & Nora, A. (1994). College Students’ Perceptions of Prejudice and Discrimination and Their Feelings of Alienation: A Construct Validation Approach 1. The Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 16(3-4), 387-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1071441940160310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1071441940160310

Creswell, J. W. (2014) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications: Los Angeles, CA.

Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428108318066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428108318066

Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608– 630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.96.4.608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.96.4.608

Glesne, C. (2011). Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction. Pearson Education: Boston, MA.

Harper, S. R., & Hurtado, S. (2007). Nine themes in campus racial climates and implications for institutional transformation. New Directions for Student Services, 2007(120), 7-24. doi: 10.1002/ss.254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.254

Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1341787 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1341787

Hughey, M. W. (2010). A paradox of participation: Nonwhites in white sororities and fraternities. Society for the Study of Social Problems, 57(4), 653-679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.4.653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2010.57.4.653

Hurtado, S. (1992). The campus racial climate: Contexts of conflict. The Journal of Higher Education, 63(5), 539-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1982093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1982093

Hurtado, S., Milem, J., Clayton-Pedersen, A., & Allen, W. (1999). Enacting Diverse Learning Environments: Improving the Climate for Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Higher Education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Vol. 26, No. 8. ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 630, Washington, DC 20036-1181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aehe.3640270112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aehe.3640270112

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (Vol. 75). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Morgan, D. L., Zimmerman, H. B., Terrell, T. N., & Marcotte, B. A. (2015). “Stick With Yourselves; It’s What’s Normal”: The Intergroup Racial Attitudes of Senior, White, Fraternity Men. Journal of College and Character, 16(2), 103-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2015.1024796 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2015.1024796

Muir, D. E. (1991). “White” fraternity and sorority attitudes toward “blacks” on a deep south campus. Sociological Spectrum, 11(1), 93-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1991.9981956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1991.9981956

NIC website (n.d.). North-American Interfraternity Conference homepage. Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://nicindy.org

Park, J. J. (2014). Clubs and the campus racial climate: Student organizations and interracial friendship in college. Journal of College Student Development, 55(7), 641-660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0076

Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Nora, A., Hagedorn, L.S., & Terenzini, P. T. (1996). Influences on students’ openness to diversity and challenge in the first year of college. Journal of Higher Education, 67(2), 174-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1996.11780255

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Sage publications: Thousand Oaks, California.

Patton, T. O. (2008). Jim crow on fraternity row: A study of the phenomenon of blackface in the White southern fraternal order. Visual Communication Quarterly, 15(3), 150-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15551390802235503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15551390802235503

Picca, L., & Feagin, J. (2007). Two-faced racism: Whites in the backstage and frontstage. New York, NY: Routledge.

Rankin, S. R., & Reason, R. D. (2005). Differing perceptions: How students of color and White students perceive campus climate for underrepresented groups. Journal of College Student Development, 46(1), 43-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2005.0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2005.0008

Reason, R. D., & Evans, N. J. (2007). The complicated realities of Whiteness: From color blind to racially cognizant. In New Directions for Student Services (pp 67-75). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.258

Schnoebelen, A. (2013, January 9). College enrollment will grow more slowly, education department projects. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 15, 2015, from http://chronicle.com/article/College-Enrollment-Will-Grow/136547/

Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Scott, W. R. (2003). Institutional carriers: Reviewing modes of transporting ideas over time and space and considering their consequences. Industrial and corporate change, 12(4), 879-894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/12.4.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/12.4.879

Sidanius, J., Van Larr, C. V., Levin, S., & Sinclair, S. (2004). Ethnicity and the dynamics of social identity on the college campus: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 96110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.96 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.96

Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69(1), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l

Syrett, N. L. (2009). The company he keeps. The University of North Carolina, USA Press.

The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (n.d.). About Carnegie Classification. Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/2010/

Van Dyke, N., & Tester, G. (2014). Dangerous climates: Factors associated with variation in racist hate crimes on college campuses. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(3), 290-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214536666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214536666

Watt, S. K. (2007). Difficult dialogues, privilege, and social justice: Uses of the privileged identity exploration (PIE) model in student affairs practice. The College Student Affairs Journal, 26(2), 114-126. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ899385.pdf.