Student Athlete Compensation: An Alternative Compensation Model for All Athletes Competing in NCAA Athletics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2018.1.5.82-101Keywords:
NCAA, Student Athlete Compensation, Market Economy, Athletics, Student AthleteAbstract
The Ed O’Bannon (O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2015) case has brought student athlete compensation to the national spotlight. While the NCAA continues to defend its policy of amateurism, the time for college athlete compensation may soon become a reality. College athlete compensation models have previously included a revenue sharing model similar to that of professional sports leagues. While this model was worthwhile, it only took into account basketball and football. The current paper will argue for a market-economy based compensation model. This model takes into account the revenues generated by each university team, while also accounting for a player and team’s performance. Justifications for this model will be explored, as this model will allows for various options for athlete compensation. This paper will conclude with an example of the model’s utility through using publically accessible data for a major Division-1 college program.References
Anthony, S. D. (2009). Major League innovation- Major League Baseball’s Sabermetrics, depth charts, and farm systems are a source of inspiration for executives who must deliver growth-fueling innovation. Harvard Business Review, 51-56.
Arash, A. (2014). Collegiate athletes: The conflict between NCAA amateurism and a student athlete’s right of publicity. Willamette Law Review, 51, 99-131.
Baird, K. (2004). Dominance in college football and the role of scholarship restrictions. Journal of Sport Management, 18 (3), 217-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.18.3.217
Berri, D. J. (2012). Did the players give up money to make the NBA better? Exploring the 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement in the National Basketball Association. International Journal of Sport Finance, 7 (2), 158-175.
Berry III, W. W. (2013). Educating athletes: Re-envisioning the student-athlete model. Tenn. L. Rev., 81, 795.
Bilas, J. (2016, March 18). Post found on @MikeAndMike Twitter Account, accessed on May 10, 2016 online at https://twitter.com/MikeAndMike/status/710835762749509634.
Camara, A. (2009). Earnings-based bonus compensation. The Financial Review, 44, 469-488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2009.00226.x
Costa, G.B. (1991). Baseball in the university classroom: Sabermetrics. Education, 112 (2), 273-276.
Dennie, C. (2012). Changing the game: The litigation that may be the catalyst for change in intercollegiate athletics. Syracuse Law Review, 62, 15-51.
Edelman, M. (2014, February 11). “How NCAA greed has led to a student-athlete uprising.” Forbes.com. Accessed on March 21, 2016, online at http://www.forbes.com/sites/marcedelman/2014/02/11/how-ncaa-greed-has-led-to-a-student-athlete-uprising/#33bd4dce4f01.
Fitt, V. A. (2009). The NCAA's lost cause and the legal ease of redefining amateurism. Duke Law Journal, 59, 555-593.
Gales, J. G., Comeaux, E., Ofoegbu, E., & Grummert, S. (2018). Neoliberal capitalism and racism in college athletics: Critical approaches for supporting student-athletes. New Directions for Student Services, 2018(163), 11-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20266
Greene, B. (2012). What changed the Olympics forever. CNN.com. Accessed on March 21, 2016, online at http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/opinion/greene-olympics-amateurs/.
Grimmett, E. (2014). NCAA amateurism and athletics: A perfect marriage or a dysfunctional relationship? - An antitrust approach to student-athlete compensation. Touro Law Review, 30, 823-860.
Hill, J. R., & Jolly, N. A. (2015). Revenue sharing and player salaries in Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics.
Huma, R., & Staurowsky, E. J. (2013). The price of poverty in big time college sport. National College Players Association.
Mills, B., & Winfree, J. (2018). Athlete pay and competitive balance in college athletics. Review of Industrial Organization, 52(2), 211-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-017-9606-8
Moreno, P., & Lozano, S. (2015). Estimation of productivity change of NBA Teams from 2006-07 to 2012-13 seasons. International Journal of Sport Finance, 10, 217-241.
Moyer, A. (2015). Throwing out the playbook: Replacing the NCAA’s anticompetitive amateurism regime with the Olympic model. The George Washington Law Review, 83, 761-828.
National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma, 82 L. Ed. 2d 70 (Supreme Court 1984).
NCAA (n.d.). “NCAA sport sponsorship, participation and demographics search.” Accessed on March 21, 2016 online at http://web1.ncaa.org/rgdSearch/exec/saSearch.
Nestle, D. (1992). Athletic scholarships: An imbalance of power between the university and the student-athlete. Ohio State Law Journal, 53 (3), 1401-1420.
O'Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 7 F. Supp. 3d 955 (N.D. Cal. 2014).
O'Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 802 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2015).
Otto, K. A., & Otto, H. R. (2013). Clarifying amateurism: A logical approach to resolving the exploitation of college athletes dilemma. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 7 (2), 259-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2012.762036
Revsine, D. (2014). The Opening Kickoff: The Tumultuous Birth of a Football Nation. Rowman & Littlefield.
Sanderson, A., & Siegfried, J. (2015). The case for paying college athletes. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (1), 115-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.1.115
Schott, S. (1996). Give them what they deserve: Compensating the student-athlete for participation in intercollegiate athletics. Sports Lawyers Journal, 3, 25-50.
Sheetz, A. C. (2015). Student-Athletes vs. NCAA: Preserving amateurism in college sports amidst the fight for player compensation. Brooklyn Law Review, 81, 865.
Smith, M., & Ourand, J. (2008, August 25). ESPN pays $2.25B for SEC rights. Street & Smith's SportsBusiness Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2016, from http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2008/08/20080825/This-Weeks-News/ESPN-Pays-$225B-For-SEC-Rights.aspx.
Smith, R. (1993). History of amateurism in men's intercollegiate athletics: The continuance of a 19th-century anachronism in America. Quest, 45 (4), 430-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1993.10484098
Solomon, J. (2015, August 20). 2015-16 CBS Sports FBS college football cost of attendance database. Retrieved March 17, 2016, from http://www.cbssports.com/video/player/embed.
Southall, R. M., & Staurowsky, E. J. (2013). Cheering on the collegiate model: Creating, disseminating, and imbedding the NCAA’s redefinition of amateurism. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 37 (4), 403–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723513498606
Staurowsky, E. J., & Sack, A. L. (2005). Reconsidering the use of the term student-athlete in academic research. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 103-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.2.103
Steele, M. (2015). O'Bannon V. NCAA: The Beginning of the end of the amateurism justification for the NCAA in antitrust litigation. Marquette Law Review, 99, 511-540.
U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Tuition cost for universities and colleges. Retrieved March 17, 2016, from http://nces.ed.gov/FastFacts/display.asp?id=76.
Vrooman, J. (2012). The economic structure of the NFL. In Quinn, K.G. (Ed.), The economics of the National Football League: The state of the art (pp. 7-32). New York: NY: Springer.
Wolohan, J. W. (1994). Scholarship athletes: Are they employees or students of the university? The debate continues. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 4 (1), 46-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jlas.4.1.46
Women's Sports Foundation. (2011). Standard language of title IX. Retrieved September 4, 2016, from Women's Sports Foundation: https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/home/advocate/title-ix-and-issues/what-is-title-ix/standard-language-of-title-ix.
Zimbalast, A. (2010). Reflections on salary shares and salary caps. Journal of Sports Economics, 11 (1), 17-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002509354890
