Trash Talk or Smack Talk: The Language of Competitive Sport

Authors

  • Marcis Fennell

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2021.1.9.33-48

Abstract

This paper challenges the Eurocentric interpretation of the intentionality of the use of trash talk in competitive sport. The power bloc established within sport enables the formation of a moral community amongst athletes within competitive sport. An anthropological exploration of the Black vernacular tradition of trash talk, from the Middle Passage to modern American sport, supports the use of trash talk as a mechanism used to ethically vet and form relationships within moral communities of competitive sport. The proposed conceptual framework advances philosophical scholarship on the sociology and ethics of sport by creating a line of literature that explores moral communities in sport from the perspective of the athlete. Framing trash talk as smack talk reveals the intentionality of the aggressive interactions as an ethical construct established by the athletes within the capitalistic environment of competitive sport. An understanding of athlete discourse will empower diversity, equity, and inclusion officers, administrators, and coaches in producing and regulating ethical environments for athletes in American sport.

References

Abrahams, R. (1976). Talking Black. Newbury House Publishers.

Abrahams, R. D., & Szwed, J. F. (1983). After Africa: Extracts from British travel accounts and journals of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries concerning the slaves, their manners, and customs in the British West Indies. Yale University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500011052

Andrews, V. L. (1996). Black bodies – White control: The contested terrain of sportsmanlike conduct. Journal of African American Men, 2(1), 33-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02733939

Baker Jr., H. A. (1984). Blues, ideology, and Afro-American literature: A venacular theory. University of Chicago Press.

Byers, W., & Hammer, C. (1995). Unsportsmanlike conduct: Exploiting college athletes. University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14486

Carrington, B. (2009). Sport without final guarantees: Cultural studies/Marxism/sport. In B. Carrington, & I. McDonald (Eds.), Marxism, cultural studies and sport (pp. 15–31). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099056-7

Coakley, J. (2015). Sport in Society: Issues & Controversies (12th Ed). McGraw-Hill Education.

Comeaux, E., & Harrison, C. K. (2011). A conceptual model of academic success for student-athletes. Educational Researcher, 40(5), 235-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x11415260

de Saussure, F. (1966). Course in general linguistics. (C. Bally, & A. Sechehaye, Eds.). McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Dixon, N. (2008). Trash talking as irrelevant to athletic excellence: Response to summers. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 35(1), 90-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2008.9714729

Edgar, A. (2015). Aesthetics of sport. In M. McNamee, & W. Morgan (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Sport (pp. 69-80). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203466261-6

Eitzen, D. S. (2000, September 26). Slaves of big time college sports. USA Today, 129 (2664), pp. 26-30.

Eveslage, S., & Delaney, K. (1998). Talkin’ trash at Hardwick High: A case study of insult talk on a boys’ basketball team. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33(3), 239-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/101269098033003002

Fennell, M. (2018, December). Trash talk in sport: A descriptive and philosophical assessment of the intentionality of trash talk in sport (Publication No. 10974765) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Fiske, J. (1993). Power plays power works. Verso.

Foucault, M. (1972). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977 (C. Gordon, Ed.). Pantheon.

Frankena, W. K. (1973). Ethics (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall.

Gates Jr., H. L. (1987). Figures in Black: Words, signs, and the “racial self.” Oxford University Press.

Gates Jr., H. L. (1988). The signifying monkey: A theory of Afro-American literary criticism. Oxford University Press.

Gruneau, R. (1983). Class, sports, and social development. University of Massachusetts Press.

Hall, S. (1986). Gramsci’s relevance for the study of race and ethnicity. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2), 5-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019685998601000202

Hauerwas, S. (1981). A community of character: Toward a constructive Christian social ethic. University of Notre Dame Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500041553

Hehir, J. (Director). (2011). The fab five [Film]. ESPN Films.

Kalman-Lamb, N. (2019). Athletic labor and social reproduction. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 43(6), 515–530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723519850879

Kretchmar, S. R. (1994). Practical philosophy of sport. Human Kinetics.

Lapchick, R., Bowman, D., Eichenberger, D., Ewing, S., Forbes, A., Green, A., Jackson, B., Johnson-Schmeltzer, B., Kiernan, A., Middleton, T., Miller, D., Richardson, K., & Turner, A. (2020). 2020 Racial and gender report card. University of Central Florida, College of Business Administration. The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport with the Devos Sport Business Management Program. https://43530132-36e9-4f52-811a-182c7a91933b.filesusr.com/ugd/138a69_bee975e956ad45949456eae2afdc74a2.pdf

Laslett, B., & Brenner, J. (1989). Gender and social reproduction: Historical perspectives. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 381-404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.002121

Lumpkin, A., Stoll, S. K., & Beller, J. M. (1994). Sport ethics: Applications for fair play. Mosby-Year Book Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.1995.9714522

Majors, R., & Billson, J. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of Black manhood in America. Lexington Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2075774

Marshall, G. (n.d.). Moral Community. Retrieved August 11, 2021, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/moral-community

Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Brees, J. R., & Mackey, J. (2013). A review of abusive supervision research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(1), S120-S137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1888

Mell, R. (1995, August 16). UM taunts force NCAA to act. Sun-Sentinel. https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1995-08-16-9508160030-story.html

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Competition. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/competition

Morgan, W., & Meier, K. (1995). Philosophic inquiry on sport (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.

National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2020, May). NCAA football rules and interpretations. NCAAPublications.com. https://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR21.pdf

Pelton, R. D. (1980). The trickster in West Africa: A study of mythic irony and sacred delight. University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341487

Phillip, M. (1995). Cultural difference or foul mouth: Athletic officials put the lid on trash talk. Black Issues in Higher Education, 12, 20-23.

Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(1), 29-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.01.003

Sage, G. H. (1998). Power and ideology in American sport: A critical perspective (2nd Ed.). Human Kinetics.

Shields, D. L., & Bredemeier, B. (2009). True competition: A guide to pursuing excellence in sport and society. Human Kinetics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492596011

Shields, D. L., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2011, September 1). Why sportsmanship program fail, and what we can do about it. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 82(7), 24-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2011.10598654

Shields, D. L., & Funk, C. (2011). Teach to compete. Strategies, 24(5), 8-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2011.10590945

St. Louis, B. (2009). Post-marxism, Black marxism and the politics of sport. In B. Carrington, & I. McDonald (Eds.), Marxism, cultural studies and sport. (pp. 109-129). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099056-14

Suits, B. (1995). Tricky triad: Games, play, and sport. In W. Morgan, & K. Meier (Eds.), Philosophic inquiry in sport (2nd ed., pp. 16-22). Human Kinetics.

Thompson, R. F. (1976). Black gods and kings: Yoruba art at UCLA. Indiana University Press.

University of Michigan Athletics. (2017, August 26). Men’s basketball statistic archive. University of Michigan. https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/baskmen/baskmen.htm

Van Rheenan, D. (2012). Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(5), 550-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212450218

Van Rheenan, D., Minjares, V., McNeil, N., & Atwood, J. (2011). The elimination of varsity sports at a division I institution. Journal for the Study of Sport & Athletes in Education, 5(3), 161-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2011.5.3.161

Wald, E. (2012). The dozens: A history of rap’s mama. Oxford University Press.

Witte, H. (1984). Ifa and Esu: Iconography of order and disorder. Kunsthandel Luttik.

Yip, J. A., Schweitzer, M. E., & Nurmohamed, S. (2018). Trash-talking: Competitive inclivity motivates rivalry, performance, and unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 144, 125-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.06.002

Zimbalist, A. (1999). Unpaid professionals: Commercialism and conflict in big-time college sports. Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400823079

Zimbalist, A. (2006). The bottom line: Observations and arguments on the sports business. Temple University Press.

Downloads

Published

2022-11-08

How to Cite

Fennell, M. (2022). Trash Talk or Smack Talk: The Language of Competitive Sport. Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, 1(9), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2021.1.9.33-48

Issue

Section

Peer Review Articles