A Case of Interest Divergence: An Athletic Department’s Anti-racist Book Club
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2024.2.2.146-162Keywords:
Critical Race Theory, interest convergence, interest divergence, imperialist reclamation, antiracist programming, anti-CRT movementsAbstract
In this article, we present the implementation and eventual dissolution of anti-racist programming within one athletic department as an exemplar case. The anti-racist programming represented the potential of a counter-hegemonic effort to disrupt White supremacy in athletic organizations. It also represented a unique partnership between faculty and athletic practitioners. Throughout, we share the larger context in which the case emerged, discuss the challenges and opportunities in designing and implementing the anti-racist programming, and describe how and why the programming and partnership dissolved. Our accounts and observations are framed through the critical race theories of interest convergence, divergence, and imperialist reclamation (Bell, 1980; Guinier, 2004; Nishi, 2022). We conclude with implications for higher education activists interested in engaging in similar efforts at their institutions.
References
Associated Press. (2020, August 3). Next in summer of play empowerment: Pac-12 players unite. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2020/08/03/next-in-summer-of-player-empowerment-pac-12-players-unite/112750756/
Bell, D. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518-533. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1340546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1340546
Benson, K.F. (2000). Constructing academic inadequacy: African American athletes’ stories of schooling. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(2), 223-246. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649249. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2000.11778835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2000.11778835
Bernhard, L.M. (2016). Between the lines: Diversity and NCAA division I athletic department mission statements. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 10(2), 75-98. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2016.1218645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2016.1218645
Bimper, A.Y., Harrison, L., & Clark, L. (2013). Diamonds in the rough: Examining a case of successful Black male student athletes in college sport. Journal of Black Psychology, 39(2), 107-130. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798412454676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412454676
Carter-Francique, A., Hart, A., & Steward, A. (2013). Black college athletes’ perceptions of academic success and the role of social support. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 6(2), 231-246. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jis.6.2.231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.6.2.231
Collins, P.H. (2005). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. (2nd ed). Routledge.
Cooper, J.N., Fine, C., Carter-Francique, A., & Hoffman, J. (2023a). Special issue editors’ note: Activism in college sport. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, Special Issue, 1-6. https://csri-jiia.org/special-issue-editors-note-activism-in-college-sport/. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i3.15880 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i3.15880
Cooper, J.N., Keaton, A., & Fine, C. (2023b). Intergenerational activism in college sport: A critical examination of the Civil Rights, Black Power, and Black Lives Matter Movement eras. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, Special Issue, 143-167. http://csri-jiia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023_SI_07.pdf
DiAngelo, R. (2011). White fragility. The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 54-70. https://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/view/249/116
Federal Registrar. (2020, September 22). Executive Order 13950: Combating race and sex stereotyping. A presidential document by the Executive Office of the President. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/09/28/2020-21534/combating-race-and-sex-stereotyping. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2020.304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2020.304
Gonzales, L.D. (2012). Responding to mission creep: Faculty members as cosmopolitan agents. Higher Education, 64(3), 337-353. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23256467. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9497-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9497-9
Gonzales, L.D. (2013). Faculty sensemaking and mission creep: Interrogating institutionalized ways of knowing and doing legitimacy. The Review of Higher Education, 36(2), 179-209. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2013.0000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2013.0000
Griffin, K.A. (2019). Redoubling our efforts: How institutions can affect faculty diversity. American Council on Education. https://www.equityinhighered.org/resources/ideas-and-insights/redoubling-our-efforts-how-institutions-can-affect-faculty-diversity/. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5hjqhm.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5hjqhm.15
Guinier, L. (2004). From racial liberalism to racial literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-divergence dilemma. The Journal of American History, 91(1), 92-118. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3659616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3659616
Gusa, D.L. (2010). White institutional presence: The impact of Whiteness on campus climate. Harvard Educational Review, 80(4), 464‑489. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.80.4.p5j483825u110002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.80.4.p5j483825u110002
Haslerig, S.J. (2017). Graduate(d) student athletes in division I football: Redefining archetypes and disrupting stereotypes or invisible? Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 329-343. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0003
Haslerig, S.J., Grummert, S.E., & Vue, R. (2019). Rationalizing Black death: Sport media’s dehumanizing coverage of Black college football players. In P. Brug, Z.S. Ritter, & K.R. Roth (Eds.), Marginality in the urban center: The costs and challenges of continued Whiteness in the Americas and beyond (pp. 77-109). Palgrave MacMillan. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96466-9_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96466-9_5
Haslerig, S.J., Vue, R., & Grummert, S.E. (2020). Invincible bodies: American sport media’s racialization of Black and White college football players. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(3), 272-290. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218809317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218809317
Hawkins, B. (2010). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly White institutions. Palgrave-MacMillan,
Hextrum, K. (2018). The hidden curriculum of college athletic recruitment. Harvard Educational Review, 88(3), 355-377. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-88.3.355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-88.3.355
Hextrum, K. (2020a). Bigger, faster, stronger: How racist and sexist ideologies persist in college sports. Gender and Education, 32(8), 1053-1071. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2019.1632418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2019.1632418
Hextrum, K. (2020b). Segregation, innocence, and protection: The institutional conditions that maintain Whiteness in college sports. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 13(4), 384-395. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140
Hextrum, K. (2021a). Special admission: How college sports recruitment favors White suburban athletes. Rutgers University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2v55kkq DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2v55kkq
Hextrum, K. (2021b). Producing athletes and centering Whiteness: Reexamining non-revenue generating collegiate athletic cultures. Journal of College and Character, 22(2), 114-133. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2194587x.2021.1898982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2021.1898982
Hextrum, K. (2023). Ideology of athletic merit: Transmission of privilege in college athlete admissions. Sociological Perspectives, 66(3), 565-584. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07311214221134807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/07311214221134807
Hextrum, K., Suresh, M.S., & Wagnon Jr., J.D. (2022). Honoring TribalCrit in higher education: Survival and sovereignty in the wake of anti-CRT bills. Philosophy and Theory in Higher Education, 4(3), 29-48. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/ptihe.032022.0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/ptihe.032022.0003
Johnson, T. (2020, June 11). When Black people are in pain, White people just join book clubs. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/white-antiracist-allyship-book-clubs/2020/06/11/9edcc766-abf5-11ea-94d2-d7bc43b26bf9_story.html
Jones, C. (2020, October 24). Three charts show a K-shaped recovery. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2020/10/24/three-charts-show-a-k-shaped-recovery/?sh=e5439b0305f7
Kalman-Lamb, N., Silva, D., & Mellis, J. (2020, August 3). ‘We are being gaslit’: College football and Covid-19 are imperiling athletes. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/aug/03/college-football-coronavirus-athletes
Kalman-Lamb, N., Silva, D., & Mellis, J. (2021, January 11). A ruthlessly exploitative college football season finally draws to a close. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jan/11/college-football-covid-19-coronavirus
Leonardo, Z. (2004). The color of supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘White privilege.’ Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36(2), 137-152. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2004.00057.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2004.00057.x
Leonardo, Z. (2009). Race, Whiteness, and education. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203880371
Leonardo, Z. (2020). The Trump presidency, post-colorblindness and the reconstruction of public race speech. In O. Obasogie (Ed.) Trumpism and its discontents (pp.18-27). Public Policy Press.
Mills, C.W. (2003). From class to race: Essays in White Marxism and Black radicalism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Nishi, N.W. (2022) Imperialistic reclamation of higher education diversity initiatives through semantic co-option and concession, Race Ethnicity and Education, 25(2), 249-267. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2020.1718079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2020.1718079
Quaye, S.J., Karikari, S.N., Carter, K.D., Okello, W.K., & Allen, C. (2020). “Why can’t I just chill?”: The visceral nature of racial battle fatigue. Journal of College Student Development, 61(5), 609-623. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0058
Sooner Sports. (2020, May 26). OU planning to re-open facilities to football July 1. OU Athletics. https://soonersports.com/news/2020/5/26/athletics-ou-planning-to-re-open-facilities-to-football-july-1.aspx
Thompson Dorsey, D.N., & Venzant Chambers, T.T. (2014). Growing C-D-R (Cedar): Working the intersections of interest convergence and Whiteness as property in the affirmative action legal debate. Race Ethnicity and Education, 17(1), 56-87. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2013.812628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2013.812628
UCLA School of Law. (2023, September 5). CRT forward. UCLA school of law critical race studies program. https://crtforward.law.ucla.edu/. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/cj87162085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5070/CJ87162085
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020a). Ability to work from home: Evidence from two surveys and implications for the labor market in the COVID-19 pandemic. Monthly Labor Review. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/article/ability-to-work-from-home.htm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2020.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2020.14
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020b). News release: The employment situation – November 2020. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_12042020.pdf
Wallace-Wells, B. (2021 June 18). How a conservative activist invented the conflict over Critical
Race Theory. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-racetheory
Woodruff, A.L., & Schallert, D.L. (2008). Studying to play, playing to study: Nine college student-athletes’ motivational sense of self. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(1), 34-57. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.04.001
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Kirsten Hextrum, Siduri Haslerig
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.