Is Positive Social Support Available to Re-Entering Prisoners? It Depends on Who You Ask
Main Article Content
Abstract
Re-entering prisoners have complex needs. Growing attention hasturned to the role of informal social support in successful post-release outcomes. Research indicates informal supports are available to re-entering prisoners, yet this support can be experienced negatively and contribute to poor outcomes. We examined antici-pated and received quality, source, and types of support for re-entering prisoners from perspectives of 60 re-entering prisonersand corrections professionals. We found re-entering prisoners anticipated and received what they considered positive support. Alternatively, corrections professionals perceived limited positive support as available and instead reported negative support as morelikely. Corrections professionals also questioned whether re-entering prisoners’ accurately differentiate positive and negative support. Results indicate key practice implications.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
Akers, R. L. (1997). Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th ed.). New Providence, NJ: Matthew Bender.
Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 7-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281756
Andrews, D. A., & Dowden, C. (2007). The risk-need-responsivity model of assessment and human service in prevention and corrections: Crime-prevention jurisprudence. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 49, 439-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.49.4.439
Antonucci, T. C. (1985). Social support: Theoretical advances, recent findings and pressing issues. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 21-37). Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_2
Bales, W. D., & Mears, D. P. (2008). Inmate social ties and the transition to society: Does visitation reduce recidivism? Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 45, 287-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427808317574
Berg, M. T., & Huebner, B. M. (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of social ties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28, 382-410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.498383
Bersani, B. E., Laub, J. H., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2009). Marriage and desistance from crime in the Netherlands: Do gender and socio-historical context matter? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25, 3-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-008-9056-4
Binswanger, I. A., Nowels, C., Corsi, K. F., Glanz, J., Long, J., Booth, R. E., & Steiner,J. F. (2012). Return to drug use and overdose after release from prison: A qualitative study of risk and protective factors. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 7, 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1940-0640-7-3
Braithwaite, J. (1989).Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804618
Breese, J. R., Ra'el, K., & Grant, G. K. (2000). No place like home: A qualitative inves-tigation of social support and its effects on recidivism. Sociological Practice, 2,1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010103821490
Brochu, S., Cournoyer, L.-G., Tremblay, J., Bergeron, J., Brunelle, N., & Landry, M. (2006). Understanding treatment impact on drug-addicted offenders. Substance Use & Misuse, 41, 1937-1949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080601025995
Brooker, D. J. (2005).Exploring the expectations and attitudes of recently released inmates from the Texas prison system: A focus on familial support in the reentry process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
Brown, S. L., St. Amand, M. D., & Zamble, E. (2009). The dynamic prediction of crimi-nal recidivism: A three-wave prospective study. Law and Human Behavior, 33,25-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9139-7
Carson, E. A., & Sabol, W. J. (2012). Prisoners in 2011. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (Eds.). (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.001.0001
Cullen, F. T. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, 527-559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829400092421
Cullen, F. T., & Gilbert, K. E. (2013). The future of rehabilitation: From nothing works to what works. In F. T. Cullen & K. E. Gilbert (Eds.), Reaffirming rehabilitation (pp. 181-230). Waltham, MA: Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315721361
Draine, J., & Solomon, P. (2000). Anxiety and depression symptoms and quality of life among clients of a psychiatric probation and parole service. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24, 38-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095125
Duwe, G. (2012). Evaluating the Minnesota Comprehensive Offender Reentry Plan (MCORP): Results from a randomized experiment. Justice Quarterly, 29,347-383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.555414
Epperson, M. W., Roberts, L. E., Ivanoff, A., Tripodi, S. J., & Gilmer, C. N. (2013). To what extent is criminal justice content specifically addressed in MSW programs? Journal of Social Work Education, 49, 96-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2013.755384
Fontaine, J., Gilchrist-Scott, D., & Denver, M. (2011). Impact of family-inclusive case management on reentry outcomes: Interim report on the Safer Return Demonstration evaluation. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e718172011-001
Garrity, T. F., Prewitt, S. H., Joosen, M., Tindall, M. S., Webster, J. M., Hiller, M. L., &Leukefeld, C. G. (2006). Correlates of subjective stress among drug court clients. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 269-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X05281335
Gideon, L. (2007). Family role in the reintegration process of recovering drug addicts: A qualitative review of Israeli offenders. International Journal ofOffender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 212-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X06287104
Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Holland, D. D. (2003). Changes in friend-ship relations over the life course: Implications for desistance from crime. Criminology, 41, 293-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00989.x
Graffam, J., & Shinkfield, A. J. (2012). The life conditions of Australian ex-prisoners: An analysis of intrapersonal, subsistence, and support conditions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 897-916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11415510
House, J. S. (1981). Work, stress, and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Jacoby, J. E., & Kozie-Peak, B. (1997). The benefits of social support for mentally ill offen-ders: Prison-to-community transitions.Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 15, 483-501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199723/09)15:4<483::AID-BSL280>3.0.CO;2-F
Jiang, S., & Winfree, L. T., Jr. (2006). Social support, gender, and inmate adjustment to prison life: Insights from a national sample. Prison Journal, 86, 32-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885505283876
Langan, P. A., & Levin, D. J. (2002). Recidivism of prisoners released in 1994 (NCJ Report No. 193427). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2002.15.1.58
Lattimore, P. K., Barrick, K., Cowell, A., Dawes, D., Steffey, D., Tueller, S., & Visher,C. A. (2012). Prisoner reentry services: What worked for SVORI evaluation participants?. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquentboys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Leverentz, A. M. (2006). The love of a good man? Romantic relationships as a source of support or hindrance for female ex-offenders. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 43, 459-488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427806293323
Martinez, D. J., & Abrams, L. S. (2013). Informal social support among returning young offenders: A metasynthesis of the literature. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 169-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11428203
Naser, R. L., & La Vigne, N. G. (2006). Family support in the prisoner reentry process: Expectations and realities. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43, 93-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n01_05
Padgett, D. K. (1998). Qualitative methods in social work research: Challenges and rewards. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pettus-Davis, C. (2012). Reverse social work's neglect of adults involved in the criminal justice system: The intersection and an agenda. Social Work Research, 36, 3-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svs036
Pettus-Davis, C., Howard, M. O., Roberts-Lewis, A., & Scheyett, A. M. (2011). Naturally occurring support in interventions for former prisoners with substance use disorders: Conceptual framework and program model. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 479-488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.09.002
Pew Center on the States. (2011). State of recidivism: The revolving door of America's prisons. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts.
Richman, J. M., Rosenfeld, L. B., & Hardy, C. J. (1993). The social support survey: A validation study of a clinical measure of the social support process. Research on Social Work Practice, 3, 288-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973159300300304
Rook, K. S. (1992). Detrimental aspects of social relationships: Taking stock of anemerging literature. In H. O. F. Veiel, & U. Baumann (Eds.),The meaning and measurement of social support (pp. 157-169). New York, NY: Hemisphere.
Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B. R. (Eds.). (1985). Social support: Theory, research andapplications. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff.Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B. R. (2009). Social support: Mapping the construct. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 113-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105526
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Pierce, G. R. (1990). Social support: The search for theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 133-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.1.133
Scheyett, A. M., & Pettus-Davis, C. (2013). ''Let momma take 'em' '': Portrayals of women supporting male former prisoners. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 578-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12438367
Schroeder, R. D., Giordano, P. C., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Drug use and desistance processes. Criminology, 45, 191-222. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00076.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00076.x
Seal, D. W., Eldrige, G. D., Kacanek, D., Binson, D., & MacGowan, R. J. (2007). A longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the context of substance use and sexual behavior among 18- to 29-year-old men after their release from prison. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 2394-2406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.014
Shinkfield, A. J., & Graffam, J. (2009). Community reintegration of ex-prisoners: Type and degree of change in variables influencing successful reintegration. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53, 29-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07309757
Skeem, J., Louden, J. E., Manchak, S., Vidal, S., & Haddad, E. (2009). Social networks and social control of probationers with co-occurring mental and substance abuse problems. Law and Human Behavior, 33, 122-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9140-1
Swanson, C., Lee, C.-B., Sansone, F. A., & Tatum, K. M. (2012). Prisoners' perceptions of father-child relationships and social support. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 338-355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9132-4
Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M. L., & Caudy, M. (2013). The plight of providing appropri-ate substance abuse treatment services to offenders: Modeling the gaps in service delivery. Victims & Offenders, 8, 70-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.747459
Travis, J., Solomon, A. L., & Waul, M. (2001). From prison to home: The dimensions and consequences of prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e720982011-001
Tseng, K. -C., Hemenway, D., Kawachi, I., & Subramanian, S. V. (2010). Family ties and the frequency of heroin use. Journal of Substance Use, 15, 60-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/14659890903010501
Ullrich, S., & Coid, J. (2011). Protective factors for violence among released prisoners: Effects over time and interactions with static risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 381-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023613
U. S. Census Bureau. (2013). Government finance statistics. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/govs/financegen/
Visher, C., & Courtney, S. M. E. (2006). Cleveland prisoners' experiences returning home. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e719912011-001
Visher, C. A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.095931
Walker, L. (2010). ''His mam, my dad, my girlfriend, loads of people used to bring him up'': The value of social support for (ex) offender fathers. Child & Family Social Work, 15, 238-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00664.x
Walters, G. D. (2000). Should we be treating substance-abusing offenders? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 525-531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X00445001
Warr, M., & Stafford, M. (1991). The influence of delinquent peers: What they think or what they do? Criminology, 29, 851-866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01090.x
Wilcox, B. L., & Vernberg, E. M. (1985). Conceptual and theoretical dilemmas facing social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 3-20). Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_1