On-Premise Signage and Placemaking: Aiding Lively Streetscapes to Maintain Signage Visibility
Main Article Content
Abstract
Placemaking is an initiative with roots in the 1960s and 70s to enhance public life in the urban setting. This complex notion requires multiple disciplines, flexibility, and a human-centric approach toward development. While developing new streets and enhancing the existing, built environment, professionals, community residents, and business owners must consider multiple elements to bring people to the street: furniture, vegetation, walkability, art, and culture. With this sidewalk interaction comes the opportunity for economic development. When the people are drawn in, signage can inform the pedestrian. This study builds a collection of 200 photos, representing four levels of placemaking intensities. Each photo is coded into 600 cells to count the quantity of placemaking elements. Visual attentive software (VAS) is then used to measure the sign effectiveness to visually stand out. Placemaking initially impacts preattentive visibility, while the building façade, road surface, tree canopy, landscaping, and the sky each play a role. Planners, designers, and business owners can use these findings to better inform the impact and interaction of streetscape and business.
Article Details
References
M-VAS. (2022). 3M VAS. https://vas.3m.com/
Alexander, C. (2015). The city is not a tree: 50th anniversary edition. Sustasis Press.
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. Oxford University Press.
Beard, F. K. (2017). The ancient history of advertising: Insights and implications for practitioners: What today’s advertisers and marketers can learn from their predecessors. Journal of Advertising Research, 57(3), 239–244. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/jar-2017-033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2017-033
Billings, E., Lovett, E., & Wasserman, A. (2022). Ask the river: A public art and placemaking project. River Research and Applications, 38(1), 470–485. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.3833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3833
Cabannes, Y., Douglass, M., & Padawangi, R. (2018). Cities by and for the people. In Cabannes, M. Douglas, & R. Padawangi (Eds.), Cities in Asia and for the people. Amsterdam University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv7xbs0b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048536252
Chen, L., Lu, Y., Ye, Y., Xiao, Y., & Yang, L. (2022). Examining the association between the built environment and pedestrian volume using street view images. Cities, 127(1), 01-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103734
Chew, L., Hespanhol, L., & Loke, L. (2021). To play and to be played: Exploring the design of urban machines for playful placemaking. Frontiers in Computer Science, 3(635949), 01-17. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2021.635949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2021.635949
Childe, V. G. (1950). The urban revolution. The Town Planning Review, 21(1), 3–17 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40102108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.21.1.k853061t614q42qh
Cilliers, E. J., Timmermans, W., Goorbergh, F. V. d., & Slijkhuis, J. (2015). Green place-making in practice: From temporary spaces to permanent places. Journal of Urban Design, 20(3), 349–366. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2015.1031213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2015.1031213
Clark, C., & Uzzell, D. L. (2002). The affordances of the home, neighbourhood, school and town centre for adolescents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(1), 95–108. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0242
Crawford, P., Lee, E., & Beatty, M. (2015). Aesthetic perception of urban streetscapes and the impact of form-based codes and traditional zoning codes on commercial signage. Current Urban Studies, 3(3), 199–215. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cus.2015.33017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2015.33017
Crook, T. (2019). Model institutions and the geography of social reform in early Victorian Britain. The Historical Journal, 62(3), 789–812. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x18000171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X18000171
Dumpelmann, S. (2019). Seeing trees: A history of street trees in New York City and Berlin. Yale University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8jp086.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240702
Ellin, N. (2006). Integral urbanism. Routledge.
Ewald, W. R. (1971). Street graphics: A concept and a system. American Society of Landscape Architects Foundation.
Forsyth, A. (2015). What is a walkable place? The walkability debate in urban design. Urban Design International, 20(4), 274–292. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.22
Frederick, U., & Clarke, A. (2014). Signs of the times: Archaeological approaches to historical and contemporary graffiti. Australian Archaeology, 78(1), 54–57. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2014.11681999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2014.11681999
Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Psychology Press.
Gibson, J. J. (1978). The ecological approach to the visual perception of pictures. Leonardo, 11(3), 227–235. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1574154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1574154
Gibson, J. J., & Shaw, R. (1977). Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology. The Theory of Affordances, (1), 67–82.
Graebert, M. B. (2013). The Impact of placemaking attributes on home prices in the Midwest United States. Constructed Environment Conference, Lisbon, Portugal.
Gulsrud, N. M., Hertzog, K., & Shears, I. (2018). Innovative urban forestry governance in Melbourne?: Investigating “green placemaking” as a nature-based solution. Environmental Research, 161(1), 158–167. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.005
Hess, D. B. (2006). Transportation beautiful: Did the city beautiful movement improve urban transportation? Journal of Urban History, 32(4), 511–545. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144205284402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144205284402
Holston, J. (1989). The modernist city: An anthropological critique of Brasilia. University of Chicago Press.
Jackle, J., & Sculle, K. (2004). Signs in America’s auto age: Signatures of landscape and place. University of Iowa Press.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The life and death of great American cities. Random House.
Kuo, F. E., Sullivan, W. C., Coley, R. L., & Brunson, L. (1998). Fertile ground for community: Inner-city neighborhood common spaces. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(6), 823–851. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022294028903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022294028903
Li, H. L. (1969). Urban botany: Need for a new science. Bioscience, 19(10), 882–883. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1294709. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1294709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1294709
Lynch, K. (1960). Images of the city. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Matthews, T., & Gadaloff, S. (2022). Public art for placemaking and urban renewal: Insights from three regional Australian cities. Cities, 127(1), 01-14. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103747
Mehta, V., & Rahman, M. (2021). Visualizing and communicating neighborhood identities. Interdisciplinary Journal of Signage and Wayfinding, 5(2), 55–62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2470-9670.2021.v5.i2.a94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2470-9670.2021.v5.i2.a94
Merlin, P. (1980). The new town movement in Europe. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 451(1), 76–85. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271628045100108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000271628045100108
Mircea, F. (2019). Signage through the ages. https://medium.com/@flaviu.mirc/signage-through-the-ages-9e5e8bc06d25
Moskell, C., & Allred, S. B. (2018). Residents’ beliefs about responsibility for the stewardship of park trees and street trees in New York City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120(1), 85–95. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.002
Project for Public Spaces. (2022). Home—Project for public spaces. Retrieved September 18, 2022, from http://www.pps.org/
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. Pion.
Simon, H., Linden, J., Hoffmann, D., Braun, P., Bruse, M., & Esper, J. (2018). Modeling transpiration and leaf temperature of urban trees – A case study evaluating the microclimate model ENVI-met against measurement data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 174(1), 33–40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.003
Smith, W. H. (1977). Influence of heavy metal leaf contaminants on the in vitro growth of urban-tree phylloplane-fungi. Microbial Ecology, 3(3), 231–239. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4250490. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02010620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02010620
Trinch, S. L., & Snajdr, E. (2020). What the signs say: Language, gentrification, and place-making in Brooklyn. Vanderbilt University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv160btqs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv160btqs
van Ameijde, J., Ma, C. Y., Goepel, G., Kirsten, C., & Wong, J. (2022). Data-driven placemaking: Public space canopy design through multi-objective optimisation considering shading, structural and social performance. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 11(1), 308–323. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2021.10.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2021.10.007
Wang, M., Hyde, R. Q., Burley, J. B., Allen, A., & Machemer, T. (2015). Low-impact housing: River Rouge, Michigan. Housing and Society, 42(3), 193–206. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08882746.2015.1121679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08882746.2015.1121679
Wang, Y., & Akbari, H. (2016). The effects of street tree planting on urban heat island mitigation in Montreal. Sustainable Cities and Society, 27(1), 122–128. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.04.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.04.013
Wey, W. M., & Wei, W. L. (2016). Urban street environment design for quality of urban life. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 161–186. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0880-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0880-2
Whyte, W. H. (1980). The social life of small, urban spaces. The Conservation Foundations.
Wolf, K. L. (2004). Tres and business district preferences: A case study of Athens, Georgia, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture, 30(6), 336–346. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2004.041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2004.041
Wyckoff, M. A. (2014). Definition of placemaking: Four different types. Planning and Zoning News, 32(3).
Zebracki, M., Vaart, R. V. D., & Aslst, I. V. (2020). Deconstructing public artopia: Situating public-art claims within practice. Geoforum, 41(5), 786–795. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.04.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.04.011