Authorship Policy

The Journal of Higher Education, Athletics, Labor & Innovation (JHEALI) adheres to the American Psychological Association (APA) model of contributorship. Authors and Contributors are expected to read and agree to the following terms.

Authors and Contributors

APA follows a contributorship rather than an Authorship Model, meaning that Authors are not only those who do the writing but also those who have made substantial scientific contributions to a study.

Authorship is reserved for persons who 

• make a substantial contribution to and accept responsibility for a published work. 
• individuals should take authorship credit only for work they have performed or to which they have substantially contributed (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.12a, Publication Credit). 
• not only those who do the writing but also those who have made substantial scientific contributions to a study. 
• conducting routine observations or diagnoses for use in studies does not constitute authorship. Combinations of these (and other) tasks, however, may justify authorship.

Substantial professional contributions may include 

• formulating the problem or hypothesis, structuring the experimental design, organizing and conducting the statistical analysis, or interpreting the results and findings. 
• those who so contribute are listed in the byline. 
• lesser contributions, which do not constitute authorship, may be acknowledged in the Author note (see Section 2.7; see also a taxonomy of authorship in the natural sciences called at CRediT). 
• lesser contributions may include such supportive functions as designing or building the apparatus, suggesting or advising about the analysis, collecting or entering the data, modifying or structuring a computer program, recruiting participants, and obtaining animals. 

See: APA research standards and disclosures for journal articles and metadata 

Artificial Intelligence

Authors who use artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies (such as Large Language Models [LLMs], chatbots, or image creators) in their work must indicate how they were used in the cover letter and the work itself. These technologies cannot be listed as Authors, as they are unable to meet all the conditions above, particularly agreeing to be accountable for all aspects of the work.