Help Me Develop Me

College Athlete Career Development, Social Cognitive Career Theory, and Practicum-Based Learning for College Athletes

Authors

  • A. Lamont Williams San Jose State University
  • Tobruk Blaine
  • Annalisa Duarte

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.3065-7369.2024.1.1.47-71

Keywords:

College athlete development, practicum-based learning, college athletes, social cognitive career theory

Abstract

The purpose of this case study was to assess the effectiveness of practicum-based learning in college athlete development programming at a Division I institution. This case study featured a social cognitive career theory (SCCT) approach to understanding the experiences of 19 Division I collegiate athletes who participated in athlete-centric conferences for the first time. Athletes were interviewed both before and after the conferences. After data collection, the authors conducted a narrative analysis of their experiences to determine how well the athlete’s experiences fit within the SCCT model. The findings provide a case for developing a mandated policy for college athlete development frameworks featuring a practicum-based learning baseline and utilizing the SCCT framework for athlete development and advancement.

References

Bartlett, D. (2022). The seal has been lifted: NCAA and predominantly White colleges must soon stop exploiting their Black athletes. American University Business Law Review, 11, 185.

Berg, B.K., Warner, S., Walsh, D.W., & Wells, J.E. (2021). NCAA athlete development and retention: Administrators’ perspectives. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 14(23), 694-716. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/jiia/vol14/iss1/23

Bowman, B.T., Comer, J.P., & Johns, D.J. (2018, May). Addressing the African American achievement gap: Three leading educators issue a call to action. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 73(2). https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc/may2018/achievement-gap

Branch, T. (2011, October). The shame of college sports. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643/

Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2014). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd ed.) SAGE Publications, Inc.

Brown, K., & Williams, A. (2019). Out of bounds: A critical race theory perspective on ‘pay for play.’ Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 29(1), 30-85. https://doi.org/10.18060/22893

Brown, S.D., & Lent, R.W. (2017). Social cognitive career theory in a diverse world: Closing thoughts. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072716660061

Burck, C. (2005). Comparing qualitative research methodologies for systemic research: The use of grounded theory, discourse analysis and narrative analysis. Journal of Family Therapy, 27(3), 237-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2005.00314.x

Burton, R., Hirshman, J., O’Reilly, N., Dolich, A., & Lawrence, H. (2021). 20 secrets to success for NCAA student-athletes. Ohio University Press.

Byers, W., & Hammer, C.H. (1995). Unsportsmanlike conduct: Exploiting college athletes. University of Michigan Press. http://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14486

Cannella, G.S., & Koro-Ljungberg, M. (2017). Neoliberalism in higher education: Can we understand? Can we resist and survive? Can we become without neoliberalism? Cultural Studies/Critical Methodologies, 17(3), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708617706117

Case, B., Greer, S., & Brown, J. (1987). Academic clustering in athletics: Myth or reality. Arena Review, 11(2), 48-56.

Chan, C.C. (2023). Analyzing factors influencing college athletes’ career actions using social cognitive career self-management model. Journal of Career Development, 50(5), 1058-1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453221141441

Chan, R.Y. (2016). Understanding the purpose of higher education: An analysis of the economic and social benefits for completing a college degree. Journal of Education Policy, Planning and Administration, 6(5), 1-40.

Comeaux, E., & Harrison, C.K. (2011). A conceptual model of academic success for student-athletes. Educational Researcher, 40(5), 235-245. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11415260

Cranmer, G.A. (2017). A communicative approach to sport socialization: The functions of memorable messages in division-I student-athletes’ socialization. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(2), 233-257. http://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0031

Dashaun, T. (2020). Thrive after sports: Helping athletes dominate the game of life. Self-published.

Flores, L.Y., & O’Brien, K.M. (2002). The career development of Mexican American adolescent women: A test of social cognitive career theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.1.14

Forester, B.E., Holden, S.L., Woltring, M., & Hauff, C. (2020). Life skills programming: A case study of DI student-athletes’ perceptions and suggestions. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 13(12), 337-357. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/jiia/vol13/iss1/12

Fountain, J.J., & Finley, P.S. (2011). Academic clustering: A longitudinal analysis of a Division I football program. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 4(1), 24-41.

Gill Jr, E.L., & Farrington, K. (2014). The impact of an Intensive Learning Program (ILP) on Black male football student-athlete academic achievement. Journal of College Student Development, 55(4), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0037

Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in public. Basic Books.

Goldin, C., & Katz, L.F. (1999). The shaping of higher education: The formative years in the United States, 1890 to 1940. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.1.37

Gunn, E.L., & Eddy, J.P. (1989). Student services for intercollegiate athletes. College Student Affairs Journal, 9(3), 36-44.

Harris, J. (2018, October 9). It’s naïve to think college athletes have time for school. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/its-naive-to-think-college-athletes-have-time-for-school-100942

Harry, M., Williams, A.L., & White, K. (2023). Supporting the supporters: Decreasing workaholism in athletic academic advisors. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 16(22), 1-22. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/jiia/vol16/iss1/22

Hart, A., & Brooks, F.E. (2016). The student athlete’s guide to college success. ABC-CLIO.

Hawkins, B.J., Carter-Francique, A.R., & Cooper, J.N. (Eds.). (2017). Critical race theory: Black athletic sporting experiences in the United States. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60038-7

Hawkins, B. (2010). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly White NCAA institutions. Springer. http://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2015.0015

Hextrum, K. (2020). Amateurism revisited: How US college athletic recruitment favors middle-class athletes. Sport, Education and Society, 25(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1547962

Huml, M.R., Hancock, M.G., & Bergman, M.J. (2014). Additional support or extravagant cost? Student-athletes’ perceptions on athletic academic centers. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7(2), 410-430. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/jiia/vol7/iss1/2

Jenkins, A. (2023). The student-athlete dilemma: The hidden truth. Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science, 11(5), 1-30. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/themis/vol11/iss2/5

Johnson, G. (2022, May 24). Mental health issues remain on the minds of student-athletes. National Collegiate Athletic Association. https://www.ncaa.org/news/2022/5/24/media-center-mental-health-issues-remain-on-minds-of-student-athletes.aspx

King-White, R. (Ed.). (2018). Sport and the neoliberal university: Profit, politics, and pedagogy. Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2050wq3

Labov, W. (1972) The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In W. Labov (Ed.), Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular (pp. 354-396). University of Philadelphia Press. http://doi.org/10.1177/089124167600400410

Lens, J. (2022). Terminating college head coaches’ employment with cause for NCAA rules infractions. Villanova Law Review, 67(35), 35-100. https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol67/iss1/2

Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. Career choice and development, 4(1), 255-311.

Lent, R.W., Lopez Jr, A.M., Lopez, F.G., & Sheu, H.B. (2008). Social cognitive career theory and the prediction of interests and choice goals in the computing disciplines. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.002

Marsh, J. (2022, August 11). 5 misconceptions about college athletic scholarships. Sports Epreneur. https://sportsepreneur.com/misconceptions-about-college-athletic-scholarships/

Matheson, V. (2019). Is there a case for subsidizing sports stadiums? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 38(1), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22096

Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420220202

National Association of Academic and Student-Athlete Development Professionals. (2022). SADV Task Force White Paper Outline [White paper]. https://nacda.com/documents/2022/6/14/N4A_2022_SADV_White_Paper.pdf

National Collegiate Athletic Association. (n.d.). Student-athlete career development. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2016/2/9/student-athlete-career-development.aspx

Navarro, K.M. (2014). A conceptual model of Division I student-athletes’ career construction processes. Collegiate Student Affair Journal, 32(1), 219-235.

Navarro, K.M. (2015). An examination of the alignment of student-athletes’ undergraduate major choices and career field aspirations in life after sports. Journal of College Student Development, 56(4), 364-379. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0034

Navarro, K.M., & Malvaso, S. (2016). Millennial student-athletes and career development: Toward an understanding of academic, athletic and parental spheres of influence on career aspirations and undergraduate major choices. College Student Affairs Journal, 34(3), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.1353/csj.2016.0017

Navarro, K., & McCormick, H. (2017). Outcomes-based career preparation programs for contemporary student-athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 9(1), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2017-V9-I1-7593

O’Bannon, E., & McCann, M. (2018). Court justice: The inside story of my battle against the NCAA. Diversion Books.

Rice, C., & Mündel, I. (2018). Story‐making as methodology: Disrupting dominant stories through multimedia storytelling. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 55(2), 211-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12190

Ridpath, B.D. (2010). Perceptions of NCAA Division I athletes on motivations concerning the use of specialized academic support services in the era of the academic progress rate. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3(1), 253-271.

Rubin, L.M., & Moses, R.A. (2017). Athletic subculture within student-athlete academic centers. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0138

Sabin, J., Ehrlich, S.C., Bierma, F., & Goldsmith, A. (2024). ‘Entertaining’ a new college athlete unionization structure. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 34(1), 26-76. https://doi.org/10.18060/28013

Schaub, M., & Tokar, D.M. (2005). The role of personality and learning experiences in social cognitive career theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 304-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.09.005

Singer, J. N. (2005). Understanding racism through the eyes of African American male student‐athletes. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(4), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320500323963

Smith, J.M., & Willingham, M. (2019). Cheated: The UNC scandal, the education of athletes, and the future of big-time college sports. Potomac Books.

Stewart, R.H. (2014). Organizational silos within NCAA Division I athletic departments. [Master’s thesis]. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Taylor, A. (2022). NCAA v. Alston: The future of college sports in the name, image, and likeness era. The Rutgers University Law Review, 75(1), 363-392.

Troiani, I., & Dutson, C. (2021). The neoliberal university as a space to learn/think/work in higher education. Architecture and Culture, 9(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/20507828.2021.1898836

Van Raalte, J.L., Andrews, S.R., Cornelius, A.E., Brewer, B.W., & Petitpas, A.J. (2017). Student-athlete career self-efficacy: Workshop development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(1), 1-13. http://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2016-0015

Wendling, E., & Sagas, M. (2020). An application of the social cognitive career theory model of career self-management to college athletes’ career planning for life after sport. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00009

Wright, M.D. (2024, January 4). ESPN and NCAA reach new, eight-year media rights agreement. National Collegiate Athletic Association. https://www.ncaa.org/news/2024/1/4/media-center-espn-and-ncaa-reach-new-eight-year-media-rights-agreement.aspx

Downloads

Published

2024-12-06

How to Cite

A. Lamont Williams, Tobruk Blaine, & Annalisa Duarte. (2024). Help Me Develop Me: College Athlete Career Development, Social Cognitive Career Theory, and Practicum-Based Learning for College Athletes. Journal of Higher Education, Athletics, Labor & Innovation, 1(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.15763/issn.3065-7369.2024.1.1.47-71

Issue

Section

Empirical Peer Reviewed Research Articles